The Leadership Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,[2] also translated as the Supreme Council[3] (Pashto: رهبری شُورَىٰ, romanized: Rahbarī Shūrā,[4] also referred to as the Inner Shura),[5][6] is an advisory council to the Supreme Leader of Afghanistan. The supreme leader convenes and chairs the council at his sole discretion. He has ultimate authority and may override or circumvent it at any time. It played a key role in directing the Taliban insurgency from Quetta, Pakistan, which led to it being informally referred to as the Quetta Shura at the time.
Leadership Council رهبری شُورَىٰ Rahbarī Shūrā | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
Term limits | None |
| History | |
| Founded |
|
| Preceded by | National Assembly |
| Leadership | |
First Deputy | |
Second Deputy | |
Third Deputy | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | Approximately 30 |
Political groups | Taliban (all seats) |
| Committees | Commissions |
Length of term | No fixed term |
| Authority | 1998 dastur |
Composition method | Appointment by the supreme leader |
| Meeting place | |
| Kandahar | |
During the Taliban insurgency, a consensus-based decision model was used among members of the Quetta Shura. After the 2021 return to power of the Taliban, Supreme Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada centralized power and began to communicate mostly through his three deputies.[7][8] In March 2023, Oxford Analytica reported that he had not convened the Leadership Council for several months, instead consulting the local Kandahar provincial council of clerics for advice.[9]
Powers and duties
editThe council is the supreme governing body of the Taliban and the Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. It functions under a consensus decision-making model, and is chaired by the supreme leader. The Leadership Council appoints the supreme leader in the event of a vacancy. Under the first supreme leader, Mullah Omar, the role of the council was purely advisory, but an agreement to rule by consensus was formed upon the contentious appointment of Akhtar Mansour as the second supreme leader. However, the supreme leader may still override or circumvent the council at any time—the consensus model is merely a convention.[4][2][10][11][12][13][14]
Current Shura (2021-present)
editThere are approximately 30 members.[14] The following bodies make up the Leadership Council:
- Border Commission
- Commission for Agriculture, Livestock, Ushr and Zakat
- Commission for Cultural Affairs
- Commission for Financial Affairs
- Commission for Preaching and Guidance, Recruitment and Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
- Commission for Prevention of Civilian Casualties and Complaints
- Commission for Prisoners’ Affairs
- Commission for Training, Learning and Higher Education
- Commission of Military Affairs
- Department for the Affairs of Needy, Orphans and Disabled
- Department of Power Distribution
- Economic Commission
- Guidance and Invitation Commission
- Health Commission
- Institutional Commission
- Intelligence Commission
- Leadership Office
- Mining Commission
- Political Office (formerly Commission for Political Affairs)
| Name | Portfolio | Position(s) held in interim government |
|---|---|---|
| Hibatullah Akhundzada | Supreme Leader | |
| Hasan Akhund |
|
|
| Sirajuddin Haqqani |
|
|
| Mullah Yaqoob |
|
|
| Abdul Ghani Baradar |
|
|
| Abdul Salam Hanafi |
|
|
| Abdul Kabir |
|
|
| Abdul Hakim Haqqani |
| |
| Amir Khan Muttaqi |
|
|
| Abdul Manan Omari |
|
|
| Noor Mohammad Saqib |
|
|
| Din Mohammad Hanif |
|
|
| Abdul Latif Mansur |
|
|
| Norullah Noori |
|
|
| Gul Agha Ishakzai |
|
|
| Abdul Haq Wasiq |
|
|
| Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai |
|
|
| Ibrahim Sadr |
|
|
| Abdul Qayyum Zakir |
|
|
| Mohammad Fazl |
|
|
| Mohammad Qasim Rasikh |
|
|
| Mullah Shirin Akhund |
|
|
| Taj Mir Jawad |
|
|
| Muhammad Zahid Ahmadzai |
|
|
| Sayyid Abdul Rahman |
|
– |
| Sheikh Sharif |
|
– |
| Faizullah Noorzai Akhtar Mohammed Mira Khan |
|
– |
| Hafiz Abdul Majeed |
|
– |
Quetta Shura (2002–2020)
editAfter the United States invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the end of the Taliban government, ten men who had held positions in the government formed a Council of Leaders (Rahbari Shura) in May 2002.[17] They consisted of eight veteran high ranking (i.e. elite) commanders originally from the southern area of Afghanistan, another hailing from Paktika, and another from Paktia. The Shura was subsequently increased in number, during March 2003, to 33 individuals. During October 2006, the Consultative Council (majlis al-shura) was formed, comprising a number of advisors to 13 core members.[18]
Directing the insurgency in Afghanistan
editAccording to retired General of the United States Army Stanley A. McChrystal, the Quetta Shura was directing the Afghani Taliban insurgency.[19] In a report to President Obama in 2009, he stated that it posed the greatest threat to his troops. He said, "Afghanistan's insurgency is clearly supported from Pakistan. The Quetta Shura conducts a formal campaign review each winter, after which Omar announces his guidance and intent for the following year." Americans wanted to extend the drone strikes into Balochistan.[20]
In September 2009 US ambassador to Pakistan Anne W. Patterson said, "In the past, we focussed on Al-Qaeda because they were a threat to us. The Quetta Shura mattered less to us because we had no troops in the region, now our troops are there on the other side of the border, and the Quetta Shura is high on Washington’s list."[21]
Funding from Persian Gulf region
editThe Taliban leaders raise money from wealthy Persian gulf donors and direct operations in south Afghanistan.[22] According to Lt. Gen. David Barno, the retired former commander of American forces in Afghanistan "The Quetta Shura is extremely important, they are the intellectual and ideological underpinnings of the Taliban insurgency."[22]
Support from Pakistani intelligence
editAmerican officials believe that the Quetta Shura gets support from parts of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), as some of its senior officials believe that leaders such as Omar would be valuable assets if the Taliban were to regain power after a withdrawal of U.S. forces from Afghanistan.[23] According to Abdul Rahim Mandokhel, a Pakistani senator from Zhob in northern Balochistan. "The whole war in Afghanistan is being launched from here," he said. He accused Pakistan's intelligence agencies of carrying out a "double" policy. "One thing is clear: the area is being used for cross-border offences," he said.[20]
A report by the London School of Economics (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete evidence yet that the ISI is providing funding, training and sanctuary to the Taliban insurgency on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author Matt Waldman spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised. Some of those interviewed suggested that the organization even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the Quetta Shura.[24][25][26] A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as "malicious".[27][28][29]
Pakistani relationship
editStatement
editAmerican and western officials have long complained that Pakistan has ignored the presence of senior Taliban leadership in Quetta and done little to address this situation.[22][30] Pakistani authorities have denied the existence of such an organization in Pakistan.[31] However, statements by US officials have led to fears that US would launch drone strikes on Quetta.[32] Jehan Zeb Jamaldini, senior vice president of Balochistan National Party was quoted as saying that Omar and his 2nd and 3rd tier leadership were around Quetta and would be targeted by the US.[32]Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan rejected the allegations of having Quetta Shura in Pakistan. He said these are just baseless allegations by our enemies. He added that Pakistan is not spokesperson for Taliban. If anyone has queries ask the Taliban directly.[33]
Acknowledgement
editIn December 2009 Pakistani government for the first time acknowledged the existence of Quetta Shura. The Defence minister of Pakistan, Ahmad Mukhtar acknowledged the presence of Quetta Shura but stated that security forces had damaged it to such an extent that it no longer posed a threat.[34]
On 23 November 2012, when Pakistan released nine senior Taliban leaders, commentator Ali K. Chishti described a statement from the Pakistani government as its first acknowledgment of the existence of the Quetta Shura.[35]
Arrests
editIn February 2010, in a possible change in Pakistani policy, several members of the Quetta Shura were detained at various locations in Pakistan. Top Taliban leader Abdul Ghani Baradar, who ran the Shura, was captured in Karachi in a joint operation by Inter-Services Intelligence and Central Intelligence Agency.[36] He had reportedly gone to Karachi to meet other Shura leaders who had moved to this city in recent months.[37] A few days later two more members of the Quetta Shura, Abdul Kabir and Mohammed Yunis, the Taliban’s shadow governor of Zabul Province, were detained by Pakistani intelligence.[38] They will be handed over to Kabul if they have not committed crimes in Pakistan.[39]
Analysts were split on the question of why Pakistan moved against these key leaders. Many said that Pakistan had decided it wanted to control any negotiations between the Taliban and the Afghan government.[40][41] However, according to The News International, the Pakistani establishment, in a major policy shift, had decided not to support the Shura and had arrested 9 of the 18 key members within a period of 2 weeks. The policy shift was made after pressure from the US as well as a request from the Saudi Royal family[42]
Coalition efforts at negotiations
editIn November 2009, it was reported that the British were pushing for talks between the Afghan government and the Shura. 'Major General Richard Barrons said negotiations with the senior echelons of the Afghan Taliban leadership council – the Quetta shura – were being looked at, alongside the reintegration of insurgency fighters into civilian life. In his first interview since arriving in Afghanistan to begin talks with "moderate" Taliban fighters, Barrons said British officials were backing extensive talks between Karzai's government and the Quetta shura, which is led by Omar and is responsible for directing much of the fighting against British forces in Helmand province.'[43]
Early January 2010, some commanders from the Quetta Shura held secret exploratory talks with Kai Eide to discuss peace terms, as emerged end of that month during the International Conference on Afghanistan in London. The Shura had sought a meeting with the United Nations envoy, which took place in Dubai on 8 January 2010. This was the first such meeting between the UN and alleged senior members of the Taliban, suggesting that peace talks had revived since exploratory contacts between emissaries of the Kabul government and the Taliban in Saudi Arabia in 2009 broke down. It was not clear how significant a faction had showed up in Dubai or how serious they were. A western official confirmed that there were indications of splits in the Taliban over the prospect of a settlement.[44][45] Supporters of former presidential candidate Abdullah Abdullah predicted that negotiations could fail because the Karzai government was too weak, and other critics warned that trying to buy off insurgents created a "moral hazard" of rewarding combatants who had killed Western troops and local civilians.[46] Taliban sources denied that there had been such a meeting and dismissed them as baseless rumors.[47][48][49][50][51]
Leaders
editThe Taliban's Quetta Shura is the main leadership among Afghanistan's Taliban.[52]
According to The News International, Pakistani security officials had previously regarded Afghanistan's Taliban, the Quetta Shura, and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan as three separate entities. They reported that Pakistani security officials had changed their policy in early 2010, and had decided to treat all three organizations as one organization, and to crack down on the Quetta Shura. The reported nine of its eighteen leaders were captured in late February and early March 2010.[citation needed]
In August 2019, some Taliban leaders, including Hafiz Ahmadullah, the brother of Taliban emir Hibatullah Akhunzada, were killed in a bomb blast at the Khair Ul Madarais mosque, which had served as the main meeting place of the Taliban,[53] on the outskirts of Quetta.[53][54]
On 29 May 2020, it was reported that Omar's son Yaqoob was now acting as leader of the Taliban after numerous Quetta Shura members where infected with COVID-19.[55] It was previously confirmed on 7 May 2020 that Yaqoob had become head of the Taliban military commission, making him the insurgents' military chief.[56] Among those infected in the Quetta Shura, which continued to hold in-person meetings, were Hibatullah and Sirajuddin Haqqani.[55]
Quetta Shura members
edit| Name | Notes |
|---|---|
| Mohammed Omar |
|
| Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor |
|
| Hibatullah Akhundzada |
|
| Sirajuddin Haqqani |
|
| Moammad Hassan Akhund | |
| Rahmatullah Kakazada |
|
| Abdul Ghani Baradar | |
| Abdul Kabir |
|
| Amir Khan Muttaqi |
|
| Abdul Qayyum Zakir |
|
| Abdul Rauf | |
| Mir Muhammad |
|
| Abdul Salam |
|
| Ahmad Jan Akhundzada |
|
| Muhammad Younis | |
| Mohammad Hasan Rahmani |
|
| Hafiz Abdul Majeed |
|
| Agha Jan Mutasim |
|
| Abdul Jalil |
|
| Abdul Latif Mansoor | |
| Abdur Razaq Akhundzada |
|
| Abdullah Mutmain |
|
| Agha Jan Motasim |
Inner Shura (1996–2001)
editAccording to U.S. intelligence, the "Inner Shura" of the First Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was originally a collective leadership body, but gradually lost power as over the course of the Taliban's first year in government as Mullah Omar developed a cult of personality. It had 23 members. Mohammad Ghous was reportedly a member. It was based in Kandahar. Also known as the Supreme Council, it was chaired by Omar.[68][1][69]
See also
editReferences
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- ^ a b "Three-day meeting of the Leadership Council of Islamic Emirate headed by esteemed Amir-ul-mumineen held in Kandahar". Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Chughtai, Alia (7 September 2021). "Who are the men leading the Taliban's new government?". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Khan, Tahir; Ayesha, Tanzeem (29 August 2021). "Taliban Close to Formation of Cabinet, Announcement of New Government". Voice of America. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Schmitt, Eric; Mazzetti, Mark (24 September 2009). "Taliban widens Afghan attacks from Pakistan". The New York Times. NBC News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ Jones, Seth G. (6 November 2011). "Why the Haqqani Network is The Wrong Target". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ T. S. Tirumurti (26 May 2022). "Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ Dawi, Akmal (28 March 2023). "Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan". Voice of America. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
- ^ Oxford Analytica (10 March 2023). "Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader". Expert Briefings. Emerald Expert Briefings. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB276639.
[Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.
- ^ Ahmad, Jibran (16 September 2015). "Afghan Taliban says leadership dispute resolved". Reuters. Peshawar, Pakistan. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Burke, Jason (17 August 2021). "The Taliban leaders in line to become de facto rulers of Afghanistan". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Ramachandran, Sudha (10 September 2021). "What Role Will the Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Play in the New Government?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ a b Jones, Seth G. (December 2020). "Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan". CTC Sentinel. 13 (11). Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ a b Sayed, Adbul (8 September 2021). "Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?". Voice of America. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Farmer, Ben (7 May 2020). "Taliban founder's son appointed military chief of insurgents". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
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{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Mazol, James (23 November 2009). "The Quetta Shura Taliban: An Overlooked Problem". International Affairs Review. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b Strategic Balochistan becomes a target in war against Taliban, The Guardian, 2009-12-21
- ^ Patterson says Quetta Shura high on US list Archived 8 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Dawn, 2009-09-30
- ^ a b c Taliban Haven in Pakistani City Raises Fears, The New York Times, 2009-02-09
- ^ Taliban Widen Afghan Attacks From Base in Pakistan, The New York Times, 2009-09-24
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- ^ "Login". Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
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- ^ "Pakistan dismisses report of continued Taliban ties". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Pakistan Denies Supporting Taliban". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Pakistan's intelligence agency said to support Taliban"
- ^ Quetta Cantonment, GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ The Afghan-Pakistan militant nexus, BBC, 2009-12-01
- ^ a b Fear grows of US strikes in Balochistan Archived 15 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Dawn, 2009-10-12
- ^ Abbasi, Zaheer (30 July 2021). "'Pakistan not a spokesman for Taliban,' says PM". Brecorder. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ Quetta shura no longer poses threat: Ahmad Mukhtar Archived 14 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Dawn, 2009-12-11
- ^
Ali K. Chishti (24 November 2012). "Change of heart?". The Friday Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Pakistan acknowledged the existence of a Quetta Shura in a statement by Defence Minister Chaudhry Ahmed Mukhtar after repeated denials in December 2009.
- ^ Secret Joint Raid Captures Taliban’s Top Commander, The New York Times, 2010-02-15
- ^ Profile: Mullah Baradar - father of the roadside IED, The Times, 2010-02-16
- ^ Pakistani Reports Capture of Taliban Leader, The New York Times, 2010-02-22
- ^ Karin Brulliard (25 February 2010). "Pakistan to hand over Taliban No. 2, says Afghanistan". Washington Post.
- ^ Mark Mazzetti and Jane Perlez (24 February 2010). "CIA and Pakistan work together, but do so warily". New York Times.
Washington and Kabul hint that the ISI's goal seems to be to weaken the Taliban just enough to bring them to the negotiating table, but leaving them strong enough to represent Pakistani interests in a future Afghan government.
- ^ "There has been a change in Pakistan's attitude," said Pakistani author Ahmed Rashid. "Pakistan now wants to dominate any kind of dialogue that takes place." Lyse Doucet (19 February 2010). "Pakistan's push for new role in Afghanistan". BBC News.
- ^ Pakistan wipes out half of Quetta Shura Archived 7 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The News International, 2010-03-01
- ^ .Afghanistan summit to plan for withdrawal, The Guardian, 29 November 2009
- ^ UN in secret peace talks with Taliban, The Guardian, 28 January 2010
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According to well-informed diplomatic circles in Islamabad, the decision-makers in the powerful Pakistani establishment seem to have concluded in view of the ever-growing nexus between the Pakistani and the Afghan Taliban that they are now one and the same and the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Quetta Shura Taliban (QST) could no more be treated as two separate Jihadi entities.
- ^ a b "Brother of Afghan Taliban leader killed in Pakistan mosque blast". www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ Farmer, Ben; Mehsud, Saleem (16 August 2019). "Family of Taliban leader killed in 'assassination attempt' on eve of historic US peace deal". The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
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- ^ Ben Farmer (7 May 2020), "Taliban founder's son appointed military chief of insurgents", The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
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- ^ a b c
Kathy Gannon (4 March 2010). "Former Gitmo detainee said running Afghan battles". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010.
Abdul Qayyum is also seen as a leading candidate to be the next No. 2 in the Afghan Taliban hierarchy, said the officials, interviewed last week by The Associated Press.
- ^ a b Kathy Gannon (18 May 2012). "Moderate Taliban member speaks of rifts within movement". The Daily Star. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
One of the most powerful men on the Taliban council, Agha Jan Motasim, nearly lost his life in a hail of bullets for advocating a negotiated settlement that would bring a broad-based government to his beleaguered homeland of Afghanistan.
- ^ a b Sam Yousafzai, Ron Moreau (25 April 2012). "Afghanistan: A Moderate Defies the Taliban". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
Not so long ago, Agha Jan Motasim was one of the most important men in the Afghan Taliban. That was before he was sacked as head of the ruling Quetta Shura's political committee—and before the day last August when someone pumped him full of bullets and left him for dead on a street in Karachi.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "Afghan biographies: Jan, Motasim Agha". Afghan biographies. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012. mirror
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