Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland
The Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (German: Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz, CVP), also called the Christian Democratic Party (French: Parti démocrate-chrétien, PDC), Democratic People's Party (Italian: Partito Popolare Democratico, PPD) and Swiss Christian Democratic Party (Romansh: , PCD), was a Christian democratic political party in Switzerland.[2][3] On 1 January 2021,[4] it merged with the Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland (BDP/PBD) to form The Centre, which now operates at the federal level. The Christian Democratic People's Party will continue to exist at the cantonal level as individual local and regional parties determine their status. Its 28 seats in the National Council and 13 seats in the Council of States were transferred to the new party, as was its sole seat on the Federal Council, held by Viola Amherd.
 | |
| President | Gerhard Pfister |
| Vice Presidents | |
| General Secretary | Gianna Luzio |
| Member in Federal Council | Viola Amherd |
| Founded | 22 April 1912 |
| Dissolved | 31 December 2020 |
| Merged into | The Centre |
| Headquarters | Hirschengraben 9 CH-3011 Bern |
| Youth wing | Young CVP |
| Membership (2015) | 100,000[1] |
| Ideology | Christian democracy |
| Political position | Centre to centre-right |
| European affiliation | European People's Party (associate) |
| International affiliation | Centrist Democrat International |
| Colours | Orange |
The party was founded as the Catholic Conservative Party in 1912. It peaked in the 1950s, having three members of the Federal Council (1954–1958) before agreeing to the magic formula. It adopted its current name in 1970. From 1979 to 2003, the party's vote declined, mostly in the favour of the Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC); the party was reduced to one Federal Councillor at the 2003 Federal Council election.
The party sat in the centre[5][6][7] to centre-right[8][9] of the political spectrum, advocating Christian democracy,[10] the social market economy and moderate social conservatism. The party was strongest in Catholic rural areas, particularly Central Switzerland and Valais.
History
editThe Catholic-Conservative Party of Switzerland (German: Katholisch-Konservative Partei der Schweiz) was founded in 1912. From 1919 on, the party occupied two out of the seven seats in the cabinet. Aided by the political climate of the postwar period, the party experienced its peak in the 1950s: It was represented by the biggest parliamentary delegation in the Federal Council, and from 1954 to 1958 the party occupied three out of seven seats in the cabinet. Nonetheless, the party had to relinquish the third seat in favor of the 'magic formula', which was introduced to the cabinet in 1959. In 1957 it changed its name to the Conservative-Christian-Social People's Party (German: Konservativ-Christlichsoziale Volkspartei) and to its current name in 1970. In the ensuing decades, the Catholic voter base dissolved somewhat. The reduction of the voter base, in addition to less cohesion among politicians in the party, led to six successive losses in federal elections after 1980.
The party lost its support over a number of years. Beginning in the 1990s, conservative voters from former strongholds of the CVP switched to vote for the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party. From the 1995 election to the 2019 election, the CVP's vote share decreased from 16.8% to 11.4%.[11] After the 2003 election, Ruth Metzler of the CVP, was replaced by Christoph Blocher of the Swiss People's Party on the Federal Council, leaving the CVP with only one seat in the country's executive.[12]
CVP President Gerhard Pfister and BDP President Martin Landolt, the leader of the Conservative Democratic Party, had ongoing discussions about a merger throughout 2020.[13][14] In 2020, Pfister announced that the national CVP would undergo a change in branding with a new name and logo as part of a merger with the BDP. The party proposed to change the name to "The Center" or "The Alliance of the Center" (German: Die Mitte, CVP; French: Le Centre, PDC; Italian: il Centro, PPD; Romansh: il Center) which is the name of the parliamentary group that the CVP shares with the other center-right parties, the Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland and the Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland.[15] The merger was ratified by a vote of the entire party in November 2020.[16][17][18][19] Cantonal parties were not required to adopt the new name if they do not wish to do so.[11] Pfister estimated that a new center-right party could obtain up to 20% of the vote in future elections.[20]
Platform
editIn its party platform, the CVP described itself as a centrist party. The CVP fostered a social market economy in which a balance is struck between economic liberalism and social justice. The expansion of the party in the Protestant-dominated cantons, in which the CVP uphold rather centrist policies, stands in contrast to the traditional role of the CVP as the leading party in rather Catholic-dominated cantons of central Switzerland and the cantons of Valais. There, the electorate was mostly socially conservative.
The CVP had three main policies in the political centre:[citation needed]
- The CVP uphold the social market economy. It supports exporting industries and more spending on education, research and development. It also aims at combating the black market and tax evasion. In order to increase efficiency and incentives, the CVP calls for the reduction and streamlining of bureaucratic procedures and government agencies, low taxation for family enterprises and those who offer vocational education and internships. The CVP calls for equal wages and job opportunities for both men and women.
- The CVP called for flexible working times, childcare and affordable housing.
- The CVP aimed at ensuring social security. The CVP calls for reforms of the social security system, by raising taxes on demerit goods (e.g. tobacco taxes) to generate more revenues for the pension funds. The retirement age of 65 should also be upheld. The public health care system should be streamlined by a reduction of waiting times of medical procedures in order to ensure equitable services. The CVP also promotes workfare as the primary means to combat unemployment.
Popular support
edit
Following continuing losses in the federal parliamentary elections until 2003, in December 2003, the party lost one of its two seats in the four-party coalition government, the Swiss Federal Council, to the Swiss People's Party. The CVP holds roughly 12% of the popular vote.
After the national election in late 2003, it held 28 seats (out of 200) in the Swiss National Council (first chamber of the Swiss parliament); 15 (out of 46) in the Council of States (second chamber, and the largest party in this chamber) and 1 out of 7 seats in the Swiss Federal Council (executive body).
In 2005, it held 20.7% of the seats in the Swiss Cantonal governments and 16.7% in the Swiss Cantonal parliaments (index "BADAC", weighted with the population and number of seats). At the last legislative national elections, 22 October 2007, the party won 14.6% of the popular vote and 31 out of 200 seats in the National Council lower house.[22] This was a gain of 3 seats, ending the long-term decline of the party and it was the only one of the four largest parties besides the Swiss People's Party to gain votes and seats.
In the Federal Assembly, the CVP formerly sat in a bloc in the Christian Democrats/EPP/glp Group, along with the Evangelical People's Party and Green Liberal Party.[23]
Election results
editNational Council
edit| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1914 | 71,668 | 21.1 (#2) | 37 / 189
|
|
| 1917 | 84,784 | 16.4 (#3) | 42 / 189
|
 5
|
| 1919 | 156,702 | 21.0 (#3) | 41 / 189
|
 1
|
| 1922 | 153,836 | 20.9 (#3) | 44 / 198
|
3
|
| 1925 | 155,467 | 20.9 (#3) | 42 / 198
|
2
|
| 1928 | 172,516 | 21.4 (#3) | 46 / 198
|
4
|
| 1931 | 184,602 | 21.4 (#3) | 44 / 187
|
2
|
| 1935 | 185,052 | 20.3 (#3) | 42 / 187
|
2
|
| 1939 | 105,018 | 17.0 (#3) | 43 / 187
|
1
|
| 1943 | 182,916 | 20.8 (#3) | 43 / 194
|
|
| 1947 | 203,202 | 21.2 (#3) | 44 / 194
|
1
|
| 1951 | 216,616 | 22.5 (#3) | 48 / 196
|
4
|
| 1955 | 226,122 | 23.2 (#3) | 47 / 196
|
1
|
| 1959 | 229,088 | 23.3 (#3) | 47 / 196
|
|
| 1963 | 225,160 | 23.4 (#3) | 48 / 200
|
1
|
| 1967 | 219,184 | 22.1 (#3) | 45 / 200
|
3
|
| 1971 | 407,225 | 20.4 (#3) | 44 / 200
|
1
|
| 1975 | 407,286 | 21.1 (#3) | 46 / 200
|
2
|
| 1979 | 390,281 | 21.3 (#3) | 44 / 200
|
2
|
| 1983 | 396,281 | 20.2 (#3) | 42 / 200
|
2
|
| 1987 | 378,822 | 19.6 (#2) | 42 / 200
|
|
| 1991 | 367,928 | 18.0 (#3) | 35 / 200
|
7
|
| 1995 | 319,972 | 16.8 (#3) | 34 / 200
|
1
|
| 1999 | 309,118 | 15.8 (#4) | 35 / 200
|
1
|
| 2003 | 301,652 | 14.4 (#4) | 28 / 200
|
7
|
| 2007 | 335,623 | 14.5 (#4) | 31 / 200
|
3
|
| 2011 | 300,544 | 12.3 (#4) | 28 / 200
|
3
|
| 2015 | 293,653 | 11.6 (#4) | 27 / 200
|
1
|
| 2019 | 275,842 | 11.4 (#5) | 25 / 200
|
2
|
Party strength over time
edit| Canton | 1971 | 1975 | 1979 | 1983 | 1987 | 1991 | 1995 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland | 20.3 | 21.1 | 21.3 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 18.0 | 16.8 | 15.9 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 11.4 |
| Zürich | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 4.4 |
| Bern | 5.3 | 5.3 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| Luzern | 48.8 | 50.1 | 50.4 | 49.6 | 47.0 | 48.6 | 37.3 | 33.8 | 29.5 | 30.2 | 27.1 | 23.9 | 25.5 |
| Uri | *a | 18.6 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 26.8 | 39.2 |
| Schwyz | 38.5 | 46.4 | 49.4 | 46.6 | 36.9 | 32.8 | 27.4 | 27.3 | 23.4 | 20.1 | 20.6 | 19.5 | 18.4 |
| Obwalden | 67.0 | 97.1 | 95.7 | 91.0 | 51.7 | 95.3 | 94.2 | * | 66.4 | 32.5 | * | * | 36.7 |
| Nidwalden | 97.2 | 97.6 | 49.5 | 97.2 | 96.9 | 97.7 | 32.1 | * | * | * | * | * | 35.8 |
| Glarus | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Zug | * | 39.4 | 34.1 | 39.9 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 27.1 | 26.4 | 22.9 | 23.3 | 24.3 | 26.4 | 23.8 |
| Fribourg | 41.5 | 46.9 | 39.9 | 37.9 | 37.7 | 36.8 | 36.0 | 33.7 | 25.4 | 24.8 | 20.3 | 22.7 | 17.8 |
| Solothurn | 27.7 | 26.0 | 27.6 | 26.7 | 25.1 | 22.2 | 21.5 | 21.4 | 21.0 | 20.4 | 17.9 | 14.8 | 14.2 |
| Basel-Stadt | 11.2 | 12.1 | 13.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 8.6 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 4.6 |
| Basel-Landschaft | 13.3 | 13.3 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 10.0 | 11.4 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 8.5 |
| Schaffhausen | 8.0 | * | * | 6.3 | * | * | * | * | 2.7 | * | 5.2 | * | 2.1 |
| Appenzell A.Rh. | * | 14.1 | * | 14.5 | * | 16.7 | 9.5 | * | * | * | 10.6 | * | * |
| Appenzell I.Rh. | 96.1 | 98.3 | 97.2 | 95.6 | 91.8 | 98.7 | 85.4 | 73.5 | 69.2 | 84.6 | 76.1 | 76.3 | 61.3 |
| St. Gallen | 44.0 | 43.3 | 44.1 | 40.8 | 39.4 | 35.8 | 31.0 | 26.2 | 22.2 | 21.4 | 20.3 | 16.6 | 18.8 |
| Graubünden | 37.3 | 35.9 | 35.5 | 33.3 | 28.5 | 25.6 | 26.9 | 25.6 | 23.7 | 20.3 | 16.6 | 16.8 | 16.3 |
| Aargau | 20.0 | 20.6 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 18.9 | 14.5 | 14.2 | 16.3 | 15.6 | 13.5 | 10.6 | 8.6 | 9.9 |
| Thurgau | 23.4 | 22.3 | 24.6 | 21.6 | 20.4 | 16.5 | 13.0 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 15.2 | 14.4 | 13.1 | 12.7 |
| Ticino | 34.8 | 35.7 | 34.1 | 34.0 | 38.2 | 26.9 | 28.4 | 25.9 | 24.6 | 24.1 | 20.0 | 20.1 | 18.2 |
| Vaud | 5.3 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 2.4 |
| Valais | 61.5 | 59.7 | 58.8 | 57.5 | 58.7 | 54.3 | 54.8 | 51.4 | 47.9 | 44.9 | 39.9 | 39.8 | 34.8 |
| Neuchâtel | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.2 |
| Genève | 13.8 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 12.3 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 11.8 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 12.1 | 7.7 |
| Jura | b | b | 37.7 | 25.1 | 33.0 | 36.0 | 38.2 | 39.2 | 39.5 | 25.0 | 33.2 | 27.6 | 22.8 |
Leadership
editPresidents
edit| Name | Dates | Canton |
|---|---|---|
| Adalbert Wirz | 1912–1917 | Obwalden |
| Eugène Deschenaux | 1917–1920 | Fribourg |
| Joseph Räber | 1920–1928 | Schwyz |
| Ernest Perrier | 1928–1932 | Fribourg |
| Eduard Guntli | 1932–1933 | St. Gallen |
| Raymond Evéquoz | 1934–1935 | Valais |
| Emil Nietlispach | 1935–1940 | Aargau |
| Pierre Aeby | 1940–1946 | Fribourg |
| Josef Escher | 1946–1950 | Valais |
| Max Rohr | 1950–1955 | Aargau |
| Jean Bourgknecht | 1956–1959 | Fribourg |
| Ettore Tenchio | 1960–1968 | Ticino |
| Franz Josef Kurmann | 1968–1973 | Lucerne |
| Hans Wyer | 1973–1984 | Valais |
| Flavio Cotti | 1984–1986 | Ticino |
| Eva Segmüller | 1986–1992 | St. Gallen |
| Carlo Schmid-Sutter | 1992–1994 | Appenzell Innerrhoden |
| Anton Cottier | 1994–1997 | Fribourg |
| Adalbert Durrer | 1997–2001 | Obwalden |
| Philipp Stähelin | 2001–2004 | Thurgau |
| Doris Leuthard | 2004–2006 | Aargau |
| Christophe Darbellay | 2006–2016 | Valais |
| Gerhard Pfister | 2016–2020 | Zug |
| Source:[25] | ||
Secretaries-General
edit| Name | Dates |
|---|---|
| Iwan Rickenbacher | 1988–1992 |
| Raymond Loretan | 1992–1997 |
| Hilmar Gernet | 1997–2001 |
| Reto Nause | 2001–2008 |
| Tim Frey | 2009–2012 |
| Béatrice Wertli | 2012–2018 |
| Gianna Luzio | 2018–2020 |
Notes and references
edit- ^ The Swiss Confederation – A Brief Guide. Federal Chancellery. 2015. p. 19. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ^ Philip Manow; Kees van Kersbergen (2009). Religion and the Western Welfare State—The Theoretical Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-89791-4. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Bale, Tim (2021). Riding the populist wave: Europe's mainstream right in crisis. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-009-00686-6. OCLC 1256593260.
- ^ Europe Elects [@EuropeElects] (2 January 2021). "Switzerland: Yesterday, CVP (EPP) and BDP (*) merged" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Altermatt, Urs (2013). CVP: Von der katholischen Milieupartei zur Partei der bürgerlichen Mitte. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung. pp. 36–37.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Burlacu, Diana; Tóka, Gábor (2014). Policy-based Voting and the Type of Democracy. Oxford University Press.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Budge, Ian; Keman, Hans; McDonald, Michael D.; Pennings, Paul (2012). Organizing Democratic Choice: Party Representation Over Time. Oxford University Press. p. 134.
- ^ Damir Skenderovic (2009). The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945-2000. Berghahn Books. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-84545-948-2. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ Freedom House (1 December 2011). Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 649. ISBN 978-1-4422-0996-1.
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Switzerland". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Die CVP soll neu "Die Mitte" heissen" (in German). SRF. 4 September 2020.
- ^ "Assemblée du PDC: «Le Centre peut atteindre 20% et se renforcer à l'exécutif en 2027»". Le Nouvelliste (in French). 5 September 2020.
- ^ "BDP will mit Statutenänderung Weg für Fusion ebnen" (in German). Nau.ch. 5 September 2020.
- ^ "Martin Landolt und Gerhard Pfister bereiten BDP-CVP-Fusion vor" (in German). Nau.ch. 28 May 2020.
- ^ "CVP soll neu "Die Mitte" heissen" (in German). Telebasel. 4 September 2020.
- ^ "CVP schliesst sich mit BDP zur "Die Mitte" zusammen". Swissinfo (in German). 28 November 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ "BDP-Delegierte sagen Ja zum Zusammenschluss mit der CVP". Suedostschweiz (in German). 14 November 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ "CVP und BDP sind ab 2021 «Die Mitte»". Schweizer Bauer (in German). 29 November 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ Wientzek, Olaf (1 December 2020). "Historic day for Swiss Christian Democrats – Merger and Farewell to the "C"". Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ ""Die Mitte": CVP präsentiert neuen Namen und Logo". Nau.ch (in German). 4 September 2020.
- ^ The data is based on research by Philipp Leimgruber (University of Bern), Dominik Hangartner (Washington University) and Lucas Leemann (Columbia University), as part of the University of Lausanne's Swiss Electoral Studies (Selects), http://www2.unil.ch/selects[permanent dead link], as published in Comparing Candidates and Citizens in the Ideological Space, Swiss Political Science Review 16(3) pp. 499-531(33). The graphical representation of the data is based on a graphic published in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung of 30 October 2010, p.13.
- ^ Nationalrat 2007
- ^ [1] Archived 3 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nationalratswahlen: Kantonale Parteistärke (Kanton = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 29 November 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ Urs Altermatt: Christian Democratic Party in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 13 March 2018.
Further reading
edit- Gees, Thomas (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). Successful as a 'Go Between': The Conservative People's Party in Switzerland. Routledge. pp. 33–46. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Rölli-Alkemper, Lukas (2004). Wolfram Kaiser; Helmut Wohnout (eds.). Catholics between Emancipation and Integration: The Conservative People's Party in Switzerland. Routledge. pp. 53–64. ISBN 0-7146-5650-X.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
