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Partition and secession in California

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California, the most populous state in the United States and third largest in area after Alaska and Texas, has been the subject of more than 220 proposals to divide it into multiple states since its admission to the Union in 1850,[1] including at least 27 significant proposals prior to the 21st century.[2]

There are 58 counties of California currently.

In addition, there have been some calls for the secession of multiple states or large regions in the American West (such as the proposal of Cascadia) which often include parts of Northern California.[3]

Prior California partitions

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The original Province of Las Californias within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1768–1804)

California was partitioned in its past, prior to its admission as a state in the United States. What under Spanish rule was called the Province of Las Californias (1768–1804), that stretched almost 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from north to south, was divided into Alta California (Upper California) and Baja California (Lower California) in 1804. The division occurred on a line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south, with Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera set as the northern limit of Baja California and the southern limit of Alta California.

After the Mexican–American War lasting from 1846 to 1848, most of Alta California was partitioned into five U.S. states, with the western portion of Alta California admitted to the United States as the present-day State of California, and later partitions of Alta California to become Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and Wyoming. Baja California Territory would absorb what was left of Alta California (which included the modern-day cities of Tijuana and Mexicali) and remained under Mexican rule. The territory was subsequently divided into two Mexican states in 1931. In 1888, under the government of President Porfirio Díaz, Baja California became a federally administered territory called the North Territory of Baja California ("north territory" because it was the northernmost territory in the Republic of Mexico). In 1952, the northern portion of this territory (above 28°N) became the 29th state of Mexico, called Baja California; the sparsely populated southern portion remained a federally administered territory. In 1974, it became the 31st state of Mexico, admitted as Baja California Sur.

History of partition movements

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Pre-statehood

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Main article: Compromise of 1850

The territory that became the present state of California was acquired by the U.S. as a result of American victory in the Mexican–American War and subsequent 1848 Mexican Cession. After the war, a confrontation erupted between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of these acquired territories. Among the disputes, the South wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line (36°30' parallel north), and thus slave territory, west to Southern California and to the Pacific coast, while the North did not.[4]

Starting in late 1848, Americans and foreigners of many different countries entered into California in unprecedented numbers, for the California Gold Rush, rapidly increasing the population. In response to growing demand for a better, more representative government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates there unanimously outlawed slavery, and therefore had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California; the lightly populated southern half had never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic.[5] Delegates applied for statehood with the current boundaries. As part of the Compromise of 1850, Congressional representatives of the American South reluctantly acceded to having California be a free state, and it officially became the 31st state in the union on September 9, 1850.

Post-statehood

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Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status from Northern California.

  • In 1855, the California State Assembly passed a plan to trisect the state.[6] All of the southern counties as far north as Monterey, Merced, and part of Mariposa, then sparsely populated but today containing about two-thirds of California's total population, would become the State of Colorado (the name Colorado was later adopted for another territory established in 1861), and the northern counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Humboldt, Trinity, Shasta, Lassen, Tehama, Plumas, and portions of Butte, Colusa (which included what is now Glenn County), and Mendocino, a region which today has a population of less than a million, would become the State of Shasta. The primary reason was the size of the state's territory. At the time, the representation in Congress was too small for such a large territory, it seemed too extensive for one government, and the state capital was too inaccessible because of the distances to Southern California and various other areas. The bill eventually died in the California Senate as it became very low priority compared to other pressing political matters.[6]
  • In 1859, the legislature and governor approved the Pico Act (named after the bill's sponsor Andrés Pico, state senator from Southern California) splitting off the region south of the 36th parallel north as the Territory of Colorado.[7][8][9] The primary reason cited was the difference in both culture and geography between Northern and Southern California. It was signed by the State governor John B. Weller, approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado, and sent to Washington, D.C., with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis and American Civil War following the election of Lincoln in 1860 prevented the proposal from ever coming to a vote.[6][10][11][12]
  • In the late 19th century, there was serious talk in Sacramento of splitting the state in two at the Tehachapi Mountains,[citation needed] because of the difficulty of transportation across the rugged range. The discussion ended when it was determined that building a highway over the mountains was feasible; this road later became the Ridge Route, which today is Interstate 5 over Tejon Pass.

20th century

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State of Jefferson flag
  • Since the mid-19th century, the mountainous region of northern California and parts of southwestern Oregon have been proposed as a separate state. In 1941, some counties in the area ceremonially seceded, one day a week, from their respective states as the State of Jefferson. This movement disappeared after America's entry into World War II, but the notion has been rekindled in recent years.[13]
  • The California State Senate voted on June 4, 1965, to divide California into two states, with the Tehachapi Mountains as the boundary. Sponsored by State Senator Richard J. Dolwig (R-San Mateo), the resolution proposed to separate the seven southern counties, with a majority of the state's population, from the 51 other counties, and passed 27–12. To be effective, the amendment would have needed approval by the State Assembly, by California voters, and by the United States Congress. As expected by Dolwig, the proposal did not get out of committee in the assembly.[14]
  • In 1992, State Assemblyman Stan Statham sponsored a bill to allow a referendum in each county on a partition into three new states: North, Central, and South California. The proposal passed in the State Assembly but died in the State Senate.[15]

21st century

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  •  
    2003: Martin Hutchinson's CaliFOURnia proposal
      San Diego / Orange County / Imperial County / Inland Empire
      Greater Los Angeles
      San Francisco Bay Area / Sacramento/ Monterey
      Northern / Central Valley
  •  
    2009: Bill Maze's proposal
      Coastal or Western California
  •  
    2011: Jeff Stone's proposal
      South California
  •  
    2013: Tim Draper's Six Californias proposal
      Jefferson
      North California
      Silicon Valley
      Central California
      West California
      South California
  •  
    2018: Paul Preston's New California proposal
      New California
  •  
    2018: Tim Draper's Cal 3 proposal
      Northern California
      California
      Southern California
  • In the wake of the 2003 gubernatorial recall, Tim Holt and Martin Hutchinson proposed in separate newspaper op-eds that the state should split into as many as four new states, dividing distinct geographically and politically defined regions as the Bay Area, North Coast, and Central Valley, as well as the historic Shasta/Jefferson region, into their own states.[16][17]
  • In early 2009, former State Assemblyman Bill Maze began lobbying to split thirteen coastal counties, which usually vote Democratic, into a separate state to be known as either "Coastal California" or "Western California". Maze's primary reason for wanting to split the state was because of how "conservatives don't have a voice" and how Los Angeles and San Francisco "control the state". The counties that would make up the new state would be Marin, Contra Costa, Alameda, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles Counties. It has also been proposed that the state be split in two simply at the straight divide of the 120th meridian west, much like its border with the state of Nevada.[18]
  • In June 2011, Republican Riverside County Supervisor Jeff Stone called for Riverside, Imperial, San Diego, Orange, San Bernardino, Kings, Kern, Fresno, Tulare, Inyo, Madera, Mariposa and Mono counties (see map, highlighted in red) to separate from California to form the new state of South California. Officials in Sacramento responded derisively, with governor Jerry Brown's spokesperson saying "A secessionist movement? What is this, 1860? It's a supremely ridiculous waste of everybody's time."[19] and fellow supervisor Bob Buster calling Stone "crazy", suggesting "Stone has gotten too much sun recently."[20]
  • In September 2013, county supervisors in both Siskiyou County and Modoc County voted to join a bid to separate and create a new "State of Jefferson".[13] Mark Baird, spokesperson for the Jefferson Declaration Committee, is reported to have said the group hopes to obtain commitments from as many as a dozen counties, after which they will ask the state legislature to permit formation of the new state based on Article 4, Section 3 of the US Constitution. In January 2014, supervisors in Glenn County voted in favor of separation,[21] and in April 2014, Yuba County supervisors voted to become the fourth California county to join the movement.[22] On June 3, 2014, residents in Del Norte County voted against separation by 58 percent to 42 percent;[23] however, voters in Tehama County supported a separation initiative by 57 percent to 43 percent.[24] On July 22, 2014, Sutter County voted 5–0 to join the State of Jefferson.[25]
  • Six Californias: On December 19, 2013, venture capitalist Tim Draper submitted a six-page proposal[26][27] to the California Attorney General to split California into six new states, citing improved representation, governance, and competition between industries.[28] On February 19, 2014, Secretary of State Debra Bowen approved the proposal allowing supporters to start collecting signatures in order to qualify the petition for a ballot. A total of 807,615 registered voters were needed by July 18, 2014, for the proposal to appear on the ballot.[29] On July 14, the petition organizer announced that the proposal received enough signatures to be placed on the ballot in two years;[30] however, it was determined that only about two thirds were valid and the petition fell short of qualifying for the November 2016 ballot.[31]
  • New California: On January 16, 2018, the 501(c)(4) organization New California, organized by conservative radio talk show host Paul Preston, published its proposed state's Declaration of Independence. As motivation for the split, Preston said that he rated California "around 48th or 50th" among states for business climate; he also mentioned what he said were high taxes. His proposed New California would have included the rural counties that make up most of the state's area, leaving the more heavily populated areas around San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles.[32] New California would also include the urban areas of Contra Costa County, Orange County, and San Diego County, bringing the population to around 20 million.[32][33] In December 2020, the proposed state filed an amicus brief in support of Texas in Texas v. Pennsylvania alongside New Nevada, claiming to be an aggrieved party due to the expansion of mail-in voting in California and alleged differences in voting rules between California counties.[34][35]
  • In April 2018, the Cal 3 organization announced it had more than 600,000 signatures to place an initiative on the November 2018 ballot proposing that California should be split into three separate states.[36] The signatures must be verified before the proposal qualifies for the ballot[37] - this was achieved by June 13, 2018.[38] In July 2018, the California Supreme Court pulled the Cal 3 proposal from the ballot for further state constitutional review.[39]
  • In 2020, "Move Oregon's Border For a Greater Idaho" proposed breaking off most of Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. The areas proposed to break off of Oregon and California vote Republican but in a state whose legislatures are dominated by Democrats. Douglas and Josephine counties in Oregon approved language for petitions to put a measure on the ballot. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.[40][41]
  • In August 2022, the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors began an approval process for a possible secession measure to be added to the November 2022 general election ballot. Proponents of including the ballot measure cite dissatisfaction in the county's share of state and federal funding.[42][needs update]

Union with other states

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Ecotopia

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Writer Ernest Callenbach wrote a 1975 novel, entitled Ecotopia, in which he proposed a full-blown secession of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington from the United States in order to focus upon environmentally friendly living and culture. He later abandoned the idea stating: "We are now fatally interconnected, in climate change, ocean impoverishment, agricultural soil loss, etc. etc. etc."[43]

The premise was borrowed / adapted by Starhawk for her novel The Fifth Sacred Thing (1993), which pitted the eco-feminist inhabitants of a future, independent San Francisco against a rival, right-wing polity centered on Los Angeles.

Cascadia

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Main article: Cascadia (independence movement)

While mostly consisting of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia in Canada, proposals for an independent Cascadia often include portions of northern California.

Reunification with Baja California

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The reunification of the Californias or Greater California is the irredentist idea of a united California often consisting of modern-day California, Baja California, and Baja California Sur, or largely based on the former lands previously governed by the Province of Las Californias (1767-1804), including much of the American Southwest. There were fears during the Magonista rebellion of 1911 from both Americans and Mexicans of a Magonista expansion into California from, then Magonista-controlled, Baja California that would establish anarcho-communism across the Californias and inspire rebellions by Indigenous Californians against the US and Mexican governments.[44]

California independence

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Prior to American annexation, one instance of a California independence movement from a sovereign nation occurred when the California Republic was declared independent from the Centralist Republic of Mexico in 1846 during the Bear Flag Revolt during the Mexican–American War. After American annexation, there had been little to no independence movements prior to the Election of Donald Trump.

Numerous organizations advocate for the independence of California as a sovereign state. Common arguments in support of independence are often based on the fact of California having the fifth-largest economy in the world,[45][46][47] and for being home to the global centers of entertainment (Hollywood) and technology (Silicon Valley).[48][49]

California National Party

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Main article: California National Party

Founded in 2015, California National Party (CNP) is a political party seeking, as a long-term goal, the secession of California from the United States by legal and peaceful means. The name and mission of the California National Party are partly inspired by the Scottish National Party, a social democratic, civic nationalist, center-left party advocating progressivist policies and independence for Scotland.[50][51]

California Freedom Coalition

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Main article: California Freedom Coalition

The California Freedom Coalition is a political group, founded in 2017, advocating for the political, economic, and social empowerment of Californians. It supports universal healthcare for Californians, greater representation for California in the U.S. Congress, and more funding for education in California, as well as the possibility of California independence.

Yes California

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Main article: Yes California

In the wake of Republican nominee Donald Trump's winning the 2016 presidential election, a fringe movement organized by Yes California, referred to as "Calexit"—a term inspired by the successful 2016 Brexit referendum—arose in a bid to gather the 585,407 signatures necessary to place a secessionist question on the 2018 ballot.[52] In July 2018, the objectives of the Calexit initiative were expanded upon by including a plan to carve out an “autonomous Native American nation”[53] that would take up the eastern part of California, and "postponing its ballot referendum approach in favor of convincing Republican states to support their breakaway efforts."[53] "Yes California" was founded by Louis J. Marinelli.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Daniel B. Wood (July 12, 2011). "51st state? Small step forward for long-shot 'South California' plan". The Christian Science Monitor. Yahoo! Inc. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  2. ^ "History of Proposals to Divide California". Three Californias. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  3. ^ "Breaking Up California: A History of Many Attempts". California State Library. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  4. ^ Mark J. Stegmaier (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the compromise of 1850: boundary dispute & sectional conflict. Kent State University Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780873385299. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  5. ^ Ellison, William Henry (1950). A Self-governing Dominion: California, 1849-1860. University of California Press. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Ellison, William Henry (October 1913). "The Movement for State Division in California, 1849-1860". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 12 (2): 101–139. JSTOR 30234593.
  7. ^ Leo, Michael Di; Smith, Eleanor (June 1, 1983). Two Californias: The Myths And Realities Of A State Divided Against Itself. Island Press. ISBN 9780933280168. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  8. ^ California, Historical Society of Southern; California, Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern (1901). The Quarterly. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  9. ^ Sandefur, Timothy (April 2009). "Hindsight". Callawyer.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  10. ^ Leo, Michael Di; Smith, Eleanor (1983). Two Californias: The Myths And Realities Of A State Divided Against Itself. Island Press. pp. 9–30. ISBN 9780933280168. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  11. ^ California, Historical Society of Southern; California, Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern (1901). J. M. Guinn, HOW CALIFORNIA ESCAPED STATE DIVISION, The Quarterly, Volumes 5-6 By Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern California. Archived from the original on December 7, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  12. ^ "Civil War: How Southern California Tried to Split from Northern California". KCET. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  13. ^ a b Romney, Lee (September 25, 2013). "Modoc becomes second California county to back secession drive". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  14. ^ "California Senate acts to cut state in two in districting fight". Syracuse Herald-Journal. June 5, 1965. p. 1.
  15. ^ Evans, JIm (January 3, 2002). "Upstate, downstate". Sacramento News & Review. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  16. ^ Holt, Tim (August 17, 2003). "A modest proposal: downsize California!". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  17. ^ Hutchinson, Martin (May 21, 2009). "Califournia Breakup?". Thomas Reuters. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  18. ^ "Home Page". October 23, 2011. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  19. ^ "Could 'South California' become the 51st US state?". Daily Telegraph. July 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  20. ^ "Official Calls For Riverside, 12 Other Counties To Secede From California". KCBS. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  21. ^ Romney, Lee (January 23, 2014). "Glenn County is third in Calif. to back breakaway State of Jefferson". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  22. ^ Janes, Nick (April 16, 2014). "Yuba County Joins State Of Jefferson Movement To Split California". CBS13 Sacramento. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  23. ^ June 3, 2014 Primary Election - County of Del Norte Archived June 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine;
  24. ^ Wilson, Reid (June 4, 2014). "One California county votes to separate, two counties vote to stick around". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  25. ^ Smith, Steven (July 22, 2014). "Sutter County Board of Supervisors Summary of July 22, 2014". Sutter County. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  26. ^ Draper, Timothy. "Six Californias". Initiative Measure Submitted Directly to Voters. Archived from the original on August 3, 2015. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  27. ^ Draper, Timothy. "Six Californias". Website. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  28. ^ Draper, Timothy (December 20, 2013). "Tim Draper Wants To Split California Into Pieces And Turn Silicon Valley Into Its Own State". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  29. ^ Fields, Kayle. "Petition to Split California Into Six States Gets Green Light". abcnews.go.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
  30. ^ Chaussee, Jennifer (July 14, 2014). "Billionaire's breakup plan would chop California into six states". Chicago Tribune. Reuter. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  31. ^ Six Californias initiative fails Archived September 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, sacbee.com.
  32. ^ a b "New California Declares Independence From Rest Of State". cbslocal.com. January 15, 2018. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  33. ^ Betz, Bradford (January 17, 2018). "'New California' movement seeks to divide the Golden State in half". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  34. ^ Solender, Andrew (December 11, 2020). "Imaginary States 'New Nevada,' 'New California' File Brief Supporting Texas Lawsuit To Overturn Election". Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  35. ^ Williams, Jordan (December 11, 2020). "Pseudo states 'New California' and 'New Nevada' back Texas election lawsuit". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  36. ^ ""CAL 3" Initiative to Partition California Reaches Unprecedented Milestone" (PDF) (Press release). Cal 3. April 11, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  37. ^ Ting, Eric (April 13, 2018). "Plan to split California into 3 states may qualify for ballot". SFGate. Hearst. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018.
  38. ^ Helsel, Phil (June 13, 2018). "Proposal to split California into three states earns spot on November ballot". nbcnews.com. NBC News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018. Voters in the massive state of California, touted as having an economy larger than most countries, could decide whether to support a plan calling for The Golden State to be split into three. An initiative that would direct the governor to seek Congressional approval to divide California into three states has enough valid signatures to be eligible for the Nov. 6 ballot, the Secretary of State's office said Tuesday. If the initiative is not withdrawn, it will be qualified for the ballot on June 28. Even if approved by voters, it faces the hurdle of approval by Congress.
  39. ^ Egelko, Bob (July 18, 2018). "Splitting up California: State Supreme Court takes initiative off ballot". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018. [T]he court issued a unanimous order removing the measure from the ballot and ordering further legal arguments on whether it should be placed on another ballot in 2020 or struck down altogether
  40. ^ "Some Oregonians Want To Leave And Take Part Of The State To Idaho With Them". NPR. Washington, D.C. February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  41. ^ "Ballot-initiative effort to move eastern Oregon counties to Idaho gains momentum; leader calls it 'peaceful revolution'". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  42. ^ Martinez, Christian (August 6, 2022). "Could San Bernardino County secede from California? Voters may have a say in November". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  43. ^ Matt Sledge (July 14, 2011). "San Francisco Secession: Could It Create 'Ecotopia'?". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  44. ^ Martinez, Pablo L. (1956). A History of Lower California. Mexico. pp. 462–465.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  45. ^ CNBC - Calexit Plan to Divorce California From US is Getting a Second Chance
  46. ^ CBS News - California Now Has the World's 5th Largest Economy
  47. ^ Fortune - California’s Economy Is Now Bigger Than All of the U.K.
  48. ^ Mercury News - California independence? Yes we can
  49. ^ Inverse - Silicon Valley Wants to Fund California's Succession
  50. ^ "California could see new political party with independence goal". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  51. ^ "Meet the California Separatists Leading a New Movement to Secede from the United States". VICE. February 17, 2016. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  52. ^ "'California is a nation, not a state': A fringe movement wants a break from the U.S." MSNBC. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017.
  53. ^ a b "Calexit supporters relaunch campaign with proposals to create Native American nation". The Stanford Daily. September 27, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
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