The Kurdistan Free Life Party, or PJAK (Kurdish: Partiya Jiyana Azad a Kurdistanê), is a Kurdish leftist anti-Islamic Republic of Iran armed militant group.[2] It has waged an intermittent armed struggle since 2004 against the Iranian Government, seeking self-determination through some degree of autonomy for Kurds in Iran (also known as "Eastern Kurdistan" or "Rojhelat").[3][4][5]
Kurdistan Free Life Party Partiya Jiyana Azad a Kurdistanê (PJAK) پارتی ژیانی ئازادی کوردستان | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Peyman Viyan and Amir Karimi[1] |
| Founded | 2004 |
| Armed wing | Eastern Kurdistan Units (YRK) |
| Women's armed wing | Women's Defence Forces (HPJ) |
| Ideology | Democratic confederalism Kurdish Nationalism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| International affiliation | Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) |
The PJAK is aligned with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) through the Kurdistan Communities Union, an umbrella group of Kurdish political and insurgent groups in Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq.[6][7][8]
PJAK spokespersons have repeatedly told visiting media that its armed wing, the Eastern Kurdistan Units (YRK), has approximately 3,000 active members - half of them women - however estimates from academic specialists over the years point to more conservative figures such as 1,000.[9] However, PJAK's capabilities to inflict significant damage on Islamic Republic of Iran forces in Kurdish areas of Iran has by some accounts been significantly weakened over the past decade, firstly due to a relatively large-scale 2011 cross-border campaign that killed potentially hundreds of PJAK fighters, secondly to due to recent increased Turkish-Iranian cooperation through sharing intel (satellite, drone footage) on PKK and PJAK movements in their Qandil Mountains bases.[10][11] On the other hand, a recent uptick in Iranian Government repression, imprisonment, executions, and extra-judicial killings of Kurdist activists have allegedly caused an increase in recruits to PJAK and the other clandestine anti-IRI Kurdish rebel groups Komala, KDPI, and PAK.[12][13]
PJAK has been designated as a terrorist organisation by Iran,[14] Turkey,[15] and since 2009, by the U.S. Department of the Treasury.[16][2][17]
Policies - structure - branch
edit
Members of the PKK from Iranian Kurdistan founded the PJAK in 2004 as an Iranian equivalent to their leftist-nationalist insurgency against the Turkish government.[18] It is assumed that the present leader of the organization is Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi, who is said to reside in Germany.[19] According to the Washington Times, half the members of PJAK are women, many of them still in their teens.[20] The group actively recruits female guerrillas and states that its "cruelest and fiercest fighters" are women drawn to the movement's "radical feminism".[21]
The PJAK is a member of the Kurdistan Communities Union or KCK (Kurdish: Koma Civakên Kurdistan), which is an alliance of Kurdish groups and divisions led by an elected Executive Council. The KCK is in charge of a number of decisions, and often releases press statements on behalf of its members.
The PJAK also has sub-divisions:[22]
- Armed wing - Eastern Kurdistan Units (Kurdish: Yekîneyên Rojhilatê Kurdistan, YRK), formerly known as the Eastern Kurdistan Forces (Kurdish: Hêzên Rojhilatê Kurdistan, HRK)[23]
- Women's armed wing - Women's Defence Forces (Kurdish: Hêzên Parastina Jinê, HPJ), led by Gulistan Dogan.[24]
- Youth and student branch
According to the New York Times, the PJAK and PKK "appear to a large extent to be one and the same, and share the same goal: fighting campaigns to win new autonomy and rights for Kurds. The only difference is that the PJAK fights in Iran, and PKK fights in Turkey. They share leadership, logistics and allegiance to Abdullah Ocalan, the PKK leader currently imprisoned in Turkey."[25] About half of its militants are women.[19]
The PJAK leadership claims that the group's goals are principally focused on replacing Iran's theocracy with a federal and democratic government which accepts an autonomy for ethnic minorities in Iran.[19]
Pjak has undergone several divisions so far. The first split took place in Pjak in 2005, and members of the split, such as (Osman Jafari, Shiva Kargar, Habib Tahmasabi, Yusuf Hatami and....,) founded the Democratic Union of Kurdistan.
Armed conflict and arrests
edit| Eastern Kurdistan Units Yekîneyên Rojhilatê Kurdistan (YRK) | |
|---|---|
 Flag of the YRK | |
| Leader | Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi |
| Dates of operation | 2004–Present |
| Motives | To establish autonomous regional entities or Kurdish federal states in Iran, Turkey and Syria,[26] and establish a democratic confederalist system as theorised by Abdullah Öcalan. |
| Active regions | Iraq, Turkey and Iran |
| Ideology | Secularism Jineology |
| Status | Active |
| Part of |  Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) |
| Opponents |  Iran Turkey |
2004–2010
editThe Kurdistan Free Life Party, has been engaged in an armed conflict with the Iranian authorities since 2004.
Istanbul's Cihan News Agency claimed that over 120 members of the Iranian security forces were killed by PJAK during 2005.[27]
PJAK killed 24 members of Iranian security forces on 3 April 2006, in retaliation for the killing of 10 Kurds demonstrating in Maku by Iranian security forces.[20] On 10 April 2006, seven PJAK members were arrested in Iran, on suspicion that they had killed three Iranian security force personnel. PJAK set off a bomb on 8 May 2006 in Kermanshah, wounding five people at a government building.[28]
As early as mid-2006, the Iranian security forces have confronted PJAK guerrillas in many occasions along the border inside Iran. Since then, the United States news channel MSNBC claims that the Iranian military has begun bombardments of Kurdish villages in Iraq along the Iranian border while claiming that their primary targets have been PJAK militants. A number of civilians have died.[29] PJAK claims its guerrillas fight inside Iran, and in August 2007, managed to destroy an Iranian military helicopter that was conducting a forward operation of bombardment by Iranian forces.[30]
On 24 April 2009, PJAK rebels attacked a police station in Kermanshah province. According to Iranian government sources, 18 policemen and 8 rebels were killed in a fierce gun battle.[31] Iran responded a week later by attacking Kurdish villages in the border area of Panjwin inside Iraq using helicopter gunships. According to Iraqi border guards officials, the area attacked by Iran was not considered a stronghold of PJAK, that appeared to have been the target of the raid. According to the ICRC, more than 800 Iraqi Kurds have been forced from their homes by the recent cross-border violence.[32]
2011-2012
editOn 16 July 2011, the Iranian army launched a major offensive against PJAK compounds in the mountainous regions of northern Iraq. According to the Revolutionary Guards dozens of rebels have been killed.[7][33] According to the state-run Islamic Republic News Agency on 26 July, PJAK militants were killed in clashes in several towns in West Azerbaijan province. Kurdish media reported that at least five Revolutionary Guards were killed.[34]
PJAK spokesperson Sherzad Kemankar announced in an interview with the Iraqi Kurdish newspapers Hawlati and Awene that the Iranian forces attacked PJAK strongholds on July 16, however PJAK succeeded in pushing back the Iranian military to their original positions and 53 Iranian soldiers were killed in the battle while PJAK lost two fighters. Sherzad Kemankar also pointed out that Iranian forces were carrying out a joint operation with Ansar al-Islam using heavy weaponry.[35] Iranian media later reported that General Abbas Asemi, one of the most senior Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) commanders in the holy city of Qom along with at least 5 other Revolutionary Guard soldiers were killed in clashes with Kurdish rebels near the Iraq border.[36]
The Iranian government blames the PJAK for sabotage attacks on gas pipelines and ambushing its troops, according to Reuters, aid agencies say shelling by the Revolutionary Guard has "killed some civilians and forced hundreds to flee their homes" in the area. The Revolutionary Guard denies the charge.[7]
On 8 August 2011, during a lull for Ramadan in the IRGC offensive, PJAK leader Haji Ahmadi, told an interviewer his group is prepared to negotiate with Iran and maintained that Kurdish issues need to be solved through "peaceful means". Haji Ahmadi acknowledged that in some cases compromise is inevitable and indicated that PJAK is willing to lay down its arms. He said fighting may not help Kurds secure political and cultural rights in Iran.[37] However, the Guards resumed their offensive on September 2 and rejected any ceasefire call by PJAK, saying the Kurdish rebels have no choice but to lay down arms or leave the border areas. On 19 September, Iran's ground forces commander, Brigadier General Ahmad Reza Pourdastan, told the Vatan-e-Emrooz newspaper his forces would finish off armed Kurdish Iraqi-based rebels in the "coming days".[38]
The rejection of ceasefire offer by PJAK led to new skirmishes between the two sides. On 2 September, after a one-month lull in fighting, IRGC began a new round of ground operations against PJAK. On 9 September 2011, Iranian media reported that Brigadier General Abbas Ali Jannesari of the IRGC was killed during a battle with PJAK rebels.[39]
On 30 September 2011, Deputy Commander of the Ground Forces of Iran's IRGC, Brigadier General Abdullah Araqi announced that after the Iranian military captured the Jasosan heights, the PJAK conceded defeat and agreed to retreat one kilometer away from the Iranian border and to refrain from military activities on Iran's soil and recruitment of Iranian nationals.[40] According to Iranian media, 180 PJAK militias were killed and 300 wounded during the last operations seizing PJAK's headquarters in Jasosan heights in the Northwestern border regions of Iran.[41]
On 25 April 2012, Iranian media reported that four members of elite Revolutionary Guards were killed and four others were wounded during an attack by PJAK rebels near Paveh in Kermanshah province in western Iran.[42]
Alleged Turkish–Iranian cooperation
editIn 2011, PJAK leader Rahman Haj Ahmadi, in an interview with the conservative activist Kenneth R. Timmerman, claimed that elements in the units of the Turkish military or Turkish government had deliberately aligned with Iranian forces to suppress the secular PJAK in Iran.[citation needed]
Designation as a terrorist organization
editThe following countries have listed PJAK as a terrorist organization.
| Iran
|
[14] |
| Turkey
|
[15] |
 United States
|
[2] |
PJAK and the United States
editBoth the United States and PJAK have always denied any form of ties. Since February 2009, the PJAK is classified as a terrorist organization by the US government, freezing any assets the PJAK has under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibiting American citizens from doing business with the organization. Officials have cited PJAK's connections to the PKK as the basis for this designation[43]—the US has proscribed the PKK as a "Foreign Terrorist Organisation" since 1997 in support of Turkey, a regional ally of the US and fellow NATO member.[2] Iranian media and government figures have frequently charged that PJAK is covertly supported by the United States and its allies in order to undermine Iranian "state power". Iranian officials have also claimed that PJAK attacks come "with the support of America and the Zionist regime" (Israel).[7]
On April 18, 2006, Congressman Dennis Kucinich sent a letter to President George W. Bush in which he expressed his judgment that the U.S. is likely to be supporting and coordinating PJAK, since PJAK operates and is based in Iraqi territory, which is under the control of the U.S. supported Kurdistan Regional Government.[44]
From November 2006 to June 2008, journalist Seymour Hersh maintained that the Bush administration was gearing up for war with Iran, and in November 2006 he wrote in The New Yorker that the US military and Israel are giving PJAK equipment, training, and targeting information in order to create internal pressures in Iran. An Israeli spokesperson immediately denied the claims.[45] Likewise, Ross Wilson, the US ambassador to Turkey at the time, quickly issued an official denial of any kind of American assistance to PJAK in an effort to quell the uproar in Turkey.[46] Wilson also sent a classified cable to Washington in December 2007 (which was later leaked) in which he strongly urged the US government to officially blacklist PJAK.[47]
In the wake of this incident, high-ranking PKK commander Cemil Bayık asserted in an interview with Agence France-Presse that while US officials had made contact with PJAK, America had provided no support whatsoever to the insurgent group. Maintaining that the PKK was the founder and only real supporter of PJAK, Bayık further stated that "if the US is interested in PJAK, then it has to be interested in the PKK as well", which would contradict the established hostility of the US toward the PKK.[46]
In 2007, the Washington Times claimed that Haji Ahmadi, the leader of PJAK, visited Washington, DC in August 2007 in order to seek political and military backing from the US,[48] but only made limited contact with officials and failed to obtain any such support.[29] However, in a statement released on 18 October 2008, PJAK accused the US of having passed intelligence to Turkish and Iranian forces as they conducted intensified bombing campaigns and cross-border attacks against PJAK and PKK bases in the Qandil region.[49]
On 4 February 2009, United States Department of the Treasury designated PJAK as a terrorist organization.[50] Moreover, the former PJAK leader Haji Ahmadi has accused the US of fighting the Kurdish rebels alongside Turkey and Iran.[19]
References
edit- ^ Firat News Agency: PJAK held its seventh congress in the 20th year of its struggle (Kurdish), 2 May 2024; Retrieved on 5 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d "U.S. brands anti-Iran Kurdish group terrorist". Reuters. February 4, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ Iraq's other Kurdish rebel group, BBC, Dec. 19, 2007.
- ^ About PJAK, PJAK Official Website.
- ^ Interview with the Secretary general of PJAK Archived 2016-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, Chris Kutschera, September 2008.
- ^ Turkey says it will stage raids with Iran against Kurdish rebels, Al Jazeera
- ^ a b c d Iran says killed dozens in push on Kurdish rebels, Reuters (August 17, 2011).
- ^ Freedman, Benjamin; Levitt, Matthew (December 8, 2009). "Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
the Treasury Department also listed the Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK), which is under the control of the Kongra-Gel
- ^ Vera Eccarius-Kelly, professor of Comparative Politics, Siena College, speaking to Rudaw, 2014.>
- ^ "Iranian-Turkish deal to fight PKK risks harming stability of Iraq's Kurdish region". Middle East Eye.
- ^ "Turkey, Iran agree to take steps against terrorist PKK". www.aa.com.tr.
- ^ "Iraq: Iranian Kurdish refugees alarmed by 'assassination' of activist". Middle East Eye.
- ^ Iranian Repression of Kurds Behind Rise of Militant PJAK Archived January 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Narina, E (2010-01-30). "Kurdish prisoner executed in Iran". WashingtonTV. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
- ^ a b "Turkey, Iran step up fights on PKK, PJAK". Hürriyet Daily News. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ "Anti-Terrorism designations | Office of Foreign Assets Control".
- ^ "Treasury Designates Free Life Party of Kurdistan a Terrorist Organization". February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023.
- ^ Graeme Wood. "The militant Kurds of Iran". Jane's Security News. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ^ a b c d Gunter, Michael (Winter 2020). "Iran's Forgotten Kurds" (PDF). Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (2): 64–65. doi:10.1353/jsa.2020.0009. JSTOR 10.33428/jsoutasiamiddeas.43.2.0054. S2CID 234983638 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b Tehran faces growing Kurdish opposition, James Brandon, The Washington Times, April 3, 2006
- ^ "Meet the Kurdish guerrillas who want to topple the Tehran regime". Slate Magazine. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ "İran karakoluna saldırıyı HRK üstlendi". Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
- ^ "Îran xwe ji êrişên nû re amade dike". www.nefel.com. Nefel-Rûdaw. Nefel. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "The PKK, PJAK, and Iran: Implications for U.S.-Turkish Relations". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ OPPEL Jr, RICHARD A. (October 23, 2007). "In Iraq, Conflict Simmers on a 2nd Kurdish Front". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Partlow, Joshua. "Shelling Near Iranian Border Is Forcing Iraqi Kurds to Flee". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Iran Arrests 7 PKK Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, April 10, 2006, Cihan News Agency/zaman.com
- ^ "Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis". IHS Jane's 360. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Trouble on the Iran-Iraq Border – Newsweek: World News – MSNBC.com". Retrieved 23 April 2017.[dead link]
- ^ "PJAK helikopter düşürdü". Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ Death toll 26 in battle with rebels Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Gulf Times, May 2009.
- ^ Iran helicopters strike Iraq Kurd villages, AFP, May 2009.
- ^ Kurd rebels kill Basij militiaman: Iran agency| AFP| 29 July 2011
- ^ Deaths Reported in Fighting Between Iran, Kurd Rebels| voanews.com, 26 July 2011
- ^ PJAK fighters push back Iranian army, Kurdistan Tribune, July 17, 2011.
- ^ Iran says senior security official killed, Al-Jazeera, Jul 22, 2011
- ^ Rozh Ahmad (2011-08-08). "PJAK Leader: We're Prepared To Negotiate With Iran". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "Iran to finish off Kurd rebels in 'days': commander". AFP. 19 September 2011. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "IRGC officer martyred in fight with PJAK". Tehran Times. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "PJAK Terrorist Group Surrenders, October 1 2011". www.turkishweekly.net. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "PJAK Surrenders to Iran". english.farsnews.com. 29 September 2011.
- ^ "4 IRGC personnel killed in clash with PJAK terrorists". Mehr News Agency. April 25, 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "Treasury Designates Free Life Party of Kurdistan a Terrorist Organization". www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ Kucinich Questions the President On US Trained Insurgents In Iran: Sends Letter To President Bush Archived 2006-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Dennis Kucinich, April 18, 2006
- ^ Hersh, Seymour M. (November 20, 2006). "The Next Act". The New Yorker.
- ^ a b Agence France Presse (AFP). "PKK commander says Washington 'has contact' with Kurdish rebels fighting Iran". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ "#07ANKARA2918". WikiLeaks. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ "Kurdish leader seeks U.S. help to topple regime". The Washington Times. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ "PJAK statement accuses U.S. of supporting Turkey-Iran joint military operations". Washington Post. September 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ "U.S. brands anti-Iran Kurdish group terrorist". Reuters. 4 February 2009. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.