Achooykomenga (Hispanicized: Achoicominga or Achoycomihabit) is a former settlement that was located at the site of Mission San Fernando Rey de España before it was founded in 1797. Prior to the mission's founding, in the 1780s, it functioned as a shared native settlement for an agricultural rancho of Pueblo de Los Ángeles that was worked by Ventureño Chumash, Fernandeño (Tongva), and Tataviam laborers.[1][2]
The nearby Tongva village of Pasheeknga (alternatively Pasecgna, Pasheckno, Pasheckna, or Passenga) was located just upstream and is also included as part of the site of the mission's founding due to its close proximity.[3][4] The village may have been the most populous native village in the San Fernando Valley.[5]
History
editPrior to the arrival of Spanish soldiers and missionaries, the sites of Achooykomenga and Pasheeknga were at the northwestern edge of Tovaangar, or the Tongva world, closely located to the nearby traditional homelands of the Tataviam to the north and the village of Tochonanga.[1] Hubert Howe Bancroft identified the village of Pasheeknga as a distinct clan from the nearby clans of Okowvinjha, Kowanga (Cahuenga), and Saway-yanga.[6]
Agricultural rancho
edit
The Spanish likely entered the area in the 1770s. Before the founding of Mission San Fernando, Achooykomenga already functioned as a labor camp of Ventureño Chumash, Fernandeño, and Tataviam agricultural workers established by Juan Francisco Reyes, who was an early citizen of the Spanish settlement Pueblo de Los Ángeles founded in 1781.[1]
In 1797, the agricultural rancho was selected as the site of Mission San Fernando Rey de España by Spanish missionaries. As a result, it was relocated to the area of Mission La Purísima to the north in what is now Lompoc, California.[1] Upon visiting the site, missionaries recorded: "In this place we came to a rancheria [Achooykomenga] near the dwelling of said Reyes – with enough Indians."[7]
Mission San Fernando
editThe mission was founded at the site on September 8, 1797, by Friar Fermín de Lasuén. By the end of the year, 55 people were baptized at the mission, while by the end of the century 352 people had been baptized.[8]
The first people baptized at the mission after its founding were all native children of the agricultural workers who labored for Reyes, many of whose parents were from Achooykomenga and the nearby Tongva village of Momonga located in what is now Chatsworth, Los Angeles.[1] "The first group of ten children baptized on the day the mission was established were said to be from Achooykomenga."[9]
At total of 22 people from Achooykomenga and 32 people from Pasheeknga were baptized at Mission San Fernando between 1797 and 1801, indicating that the settlements were quickly absorbed after the founding of the mission.[1]
In 1803, the founder of the mission Fermín de Lasuén indicated that attempts at conversion were largely unsuccessful, and thus the presence or threat of violent force was necessary:[10]
Generally the neophytes have not yet enough affection for Christianity and civilization. Most of them are excessively fond of the mountains, the beach, and of barbarous freedom and independence, so that some show of military force is necessary, lest they by force of arms deny the Faith and law which they have professed.[10]
In 1819, the native population at the mission peaked at 1,080 people. By the time of secularization in 1833, 1,367 native children had been baptized at the mission, in which 965 died at the mission (or over 70% of the children) in childhood. "It was not strange that the fearful death rate both of children and adults at the missions sometimes frightened the neophytes into running away."[8]
See also
edit- Acjacheme (the site of Mission San Juan Capistrano)
- Toviscanga (the site of Mission San Gabriel)
- Yaanga (the site of Pueblo de Los Ángeles)
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, John R. (2006). Ethnohistoric Overview for the Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park Cultural Resources Inventory Project (PDF). Southern Service Center, State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation.
- ^ Johnson, John R. (1997). "The Indians of Mission San Fernando". Southern California Quarterly. 79 (3): 249–290. doi:10.2307/41172612. ISSN 0038-3929. JSTOR 41172612.
- ^ Hernández, Kelly Lytle (2017-02-15). City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion, and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771–1965. UNC Press Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4696-3119-6.
- ^ "San Fernando Rey de España". California Missions. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
- ^ Whiteman Airport Master Plan Update (PDF). County of Los Angeles Department of Public Works. 2014. p. 14.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1882). The Native Races. A.L. Bancroft, Publishers. pp. 459–460.
- ^ Pauley, Kenneth E. (2005). San Fernando, Rey de España : an illustrated history. Carol M. Pauley. Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co. pp. 47, 50. ISBN 0-87062-338-9. OCLC 56840450.
- ^ a b Guinn, James Miller (1907). History of the State of California and Biographical Record to Oakland and Environs: Also Containing Biographies of Well-known Citizens of the Past and Present. Historic record Company. p. 63.
- ^ Southern California Quarterly. Historical Society of Southern California. 1997. pp. 251–52.
- ^ a b Champagne, Duane (2021). A coalition of lineages : the Fernandeño Tataviam Band of Mission Indians. Carole E. Goldberg. Tucson. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8165-4285-7. OCLC 1245673178.
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