Peace Society

The Peace Society, International Peace Society or London Peace Society, originally known as the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, was a pioneering British pacifist organisation that was active from 1816 until the 1930s.

History

Foundation

The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace was founded after a meeting at the premises of William Allen, in Plough Court, Lombard Street in the City of London on 14 June 1816. Following the Battle of Waterloo the previous year and the decades of European conflict with Napoleon Bonaparte, it advocated a gradual, proportionate, and simultaneous disarmament of all nations and the principle of arbitration.^[1] Many of the founders came together under the banner of Christian abolitionism and a number were Quakers.

The society in London helped establish auxiliary societies in various cities and towns across the United Kingdom; for instance at Doncaster and Leeds,^[2] Swansea and Neath, Newcastle, Birmingham, Liverpool, Bath, Bristol, Coventry, Exeter, Darlington, Leicester, Hull, Plymouth and Southampton; to name but a few. It published a monthly journal, The Herald of Peace, which was first printed in 1819.^[3]^[4]

On 25 May 1836 the society held their twentieth anniversary meeting at the Exeter Hall on London's Strand. In 1843 they hosted the first International Peace Congress.

Between 1817 and 1833 the society issued twelve tracts for its membership, which ran to multiple editions:

I. Anon. (Noah Worcester), A Solemn Review of the Custom of War; Showing that War is the Effect of Popular Delusion, and Proposing a Remedy (1817)
II. John Scott, War Inconsistent with the Doctrine and Example of Jesus Christ. In a Letter to a Friend (1817); originally published in 1796
III. Thomas Clarkson, An Essay on the Doctrines and Practice of the Early Christians, as they Relate to War. Addressed to Those who Profess to have Regard for the Christian Name (1817)
IV. Erasmus, Extracts from the Writings of Erasmus on the Subject of War (1817)
V. Evan Rees, Sketches of the Horrors of War, Chiefly Selected from Labaume's narrative of the Campaign in Russia in 1812 (1818)
VI. David Bogue, On Universal Peace; Being Extracts from a Discourse Delivered in October 1813 (1819)
VII. Jonathan Dymond, Observations on the Applicability of the Pacific Principles of the New Testament to the Conduct of States, and on the Limitation which Those Principles Impose on the Rights of Self-defence (1825)
VIII. Anon. (Mary Roberts), An Examination of the Principles which are Considered to Support the Practice of War. By a Lady (1825)
IX. Thomas Hancock^[5], The Principles of Peace, Exemplified in the Conduct of the Society of Friends in Ireland, during the Rebellion of 1798. In three parts (1825)
X. Anon. (Mary Roberts), Historical Illustrations of the Origin and Consequences of War (by the author of Tract VIII) (1831)
XI. M. Necker, Reflections on the Calamities of War, and the Superior Policy of Peace. Translated from the French (1831)
XII. Joseph John Gurney, An Essay on War, and on its Lawfulness under the Christian Dispensation (1833)

Later 19th century

Lewis Appleton organized the International Arbitration and Peace Association (IAPA) in 1880.^[6] Unlike the Peace Society the IAPA accepted defensive war, was not restricted to Christians and claimed to be international.^[7] It also allowed women on the executive committee.

In the spring of 1882, E. M. Southey, the main founder of the Ladies Peace Association, persuaded her group to disaffiliate from the Peace Society and join the IAPA. The Quaker Priscilla Hannah Peckover played a central role in organizing a new ladies auxiliary of the Peace Society that was launched on 12 July 1882.^[8] During the 1880s the Peace Society stagnated. Its Ladies' Peace Association was more dynamic, and claimed 9,217 members by the summer of 1885, of which 4,000 belonged to Peckover's Wisbech group.^[9]

Early 20th century

The society's failure to condemn the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 resulted in internal divisions and led to the resignation of its leader, Rev. William Evans Darby. His successor, Rev. Herbert Dunnico, led the society's unsuccessful campaign for peace negotiations.^[1]

In 1930 the Peace Society merged with the International Christian Peace Fellowship and was renamed the International Peace Society. At sometime thereafter, with the Second World War looming and growing public unease towards British government policies of appeasement, it became defunct.

Members

Founder members

As listed in The Origins of War Prevention by Martin Ceadel,^[10] the founding dozen in 1816 were:

William Allen (1770–1843) - Quaker, philanthropist, chemist
John Clarkson (1764–1828) - Abolitionist, founding father of Sierra Leone, brother of Thomas Clarkson
Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846) - Abolitionist and campaigner, brother of John Clarkson, author of the society's third tract
William Crawford (1788–1847) - Philanthropist and prison reformer^[11]
Charles Stokes Dudley (1780–1862) - Born to a Quaker family, active in the British and Foreign Bible Society
Rev. Thomas Harper (1762–1832) - Clergyman based in Walworth, author of the society's ninth tract (see obit 1832, p. 528)^[3]
Robert Marsden (1769/70–1847) - Evangelical, stockbroker, the society's first chairman
Joseph Tregelles Price (1784–1854) - Quaker, family owned the Neath Abbey ironworks (see SAS)
Evan Rees (1791–1821) - Welsh Quaker, businessman, author of the society's fifth tract (see SAS)
John Scott (1757–1832) - Evangelical, banker, author of the society's second tract (which had originally been published in 1796)
Frederick Smith (1757–1823) - Quaker, pharmacist and chemist
Thomas Sturge the Elder (1749–1825) - Quaker, businessman and philanthropist

Other notable members and associates

George William Alexander - Quaker, abolitionist and philanthropist
Richard Dykes Alexander - Quaker, banker, friend of Thomas Clarkson
Henry Andrews - Botanist and engraver
Jonathan Backhouse Jr. - Quaker, banker and abolitionist
Thomas Bell - Zoologist and dental surgeon
Jeremy Bentham - Social reformer and philosopher
Samuel Bowly - Quaker and abolitionist
John Bowring - Jeremy Bentham's editor and Governor of Hong Kong
John Bright - Quaker, politician
Hugh Stowell Brown - Leader of the Liverpool auxiliary
James Silk Buckingham - Journalist, traveller and author
John Burnet - Pastor and abolitionist
Elihu Burritt - American diplomat, lecturer and social activist
Rev. John Campbell - Congregationalist minister
Gino Capponi - Italian statesman and historian
Robert Lucas Chance - Founder of Chance Brothers glassworks
Robert Charleton - Quaker, pin-manufacturer, philanthropist
Richard Cobden - Politician, campaigner for Free Trade
James Cropper - Philanthropist and abolitionist
William Dillwyn - Quaker and abolitionist
Benjamin Meggot Forster - Botanist, abolitionist and brother of T. F. Forster
Josiah Forster - Quaker, teacher and abolitionist
Thomas Furley Forster - Botanist and abolitionist
William Forster - Quaker, abolitionist, brother of Josiah Forster
Samuel Fox - Quaker, philanthropist, abolitionist
Elizabeth Fry - Quaker, prison and social reformer
James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier - Senior naval officer, war veteran
Charles Gilpin - Quaker, publisher, politician
Joseph John Gurney - Quaker, banker and brother of Samuel Gurney
Samuel Gurney - Quaker, banker, philanthropist and abolitionist
Christopher Newman Hall - Nonconformist divine
Elizabeth Hanbury - Quaker and philanthropist
Rev. James Hargreaves - Clergyman ^[12]
Rev. John Webster Hawksley - Rector of Turvey, Knotting and Souldrop
Luke Howard - Quaker, later Plymouth Brethren, scientist
Alfred Illingworth - Liberal politician
Keshub Chunder Sen - Hindu philosopher and social reformer
Sir Wilfrid Lawson - Radical politician
Joseph Jackson Lister - Quaker and scientist
Henry Pease - Liberal politician, younger brother of Joseph Pease (later a President of the Society)
Joseph Pease - Uncle of Joseph Pease (later President of the Society)^[13]
Richard Phillips - Quaker and chemist
Jacob Post - Quaker and abolitionist
Richard Rathbone - Merchant and abolitionist
Theophilus Redwood - Pharmacist
Thomas Richardson - Quaker, businessman and investor
William Russell - Unitarian and merchant
John Scoble - Abolitionist
Rev. William Stephenson - Clergyman in Fobbing, West Thurrock
Joseph Sturge - Quaker, abolitionist, founded the Birmingham auxiliary
Thomas Sturge - Merchant, social reformer, son of Thomas Sturge the Elder
George Thompson - Abolitionist and anti-slavery activist
Rev. Robert Vaughan - Congregationalist minister
John Warner - Bellfounder and metalworker

Chairmen/Presidents

Robert Marsden - Chairman, 1817–1836
Dr. John Lee - Barrister and astronomer; Chairman, ?-1843
Charles Hindley - Moravian, politician; President, 1843–1857
Samuel Morley - Radical politician and philanthropist; President, 1858-1860?
Joseph Pease - Quaker, politician; President, 1860–1872^[14]

Secretaries

Evan Rees - Secretary, ?–1821^[15]
Rev. Nun Morgan Harry - Secretary, ?–1830^[16] (see Welsh Wikipedia)
Rev. John Jefferson - Congregational pastor; Secretary, 1840–1848
Rev. Henry Richard - Congregational pastor and politician; Secretary, 1848–1885^[17]
Rev. William Evans Darby - Secretary, 1885–1915
Rev. Herbert Dunnico – Secretary, 1915–?^[18]

Treasurers

John Clarkson - Treasurer, 1816–1819
John Scott - Treasurer, 1820–1831
Samuel Gurney - Treasurer, 1832–?

Records of the Peace Society

International Peace Society Records, 1817–1948 at Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania. Note: this is a large file of pamphlets and other printed publications of the Society. There is an historical introduction to the collection but no business archives are in the collection.
Other records of the Peace Society are reported to be in the possession of [Rev.] C. P. Dunnico^[19]

There are also records at the Savings Bank Museum,^[20] in Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, as the founder of the first parish savings bank Henry Duncan wrote on this subject.

References

^ ^a ^b Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, p.345.
^ Researching Yorkshire Quaker History (2007) p.95, Item 1.5.6: Doncaster Auxiliary Peace Society p.97 1.5.13: Leeds Peace Association
^ ^a ^b The Herald of Peace Volumes 1-3 (1819-1821), The Herald of Peace Volumes 1-12 New Series, (1822-1837), The Herald of Peace Volumes 1-2 New Series (1838-1841) full text at Hathi trust
^ Cornell University Library has produced a facsimile of The Herald of Peace 1824 (April, May, June) issues (pages on Amazon.com) ISBN 978-1-4297-2848-5
^ Moore, Norman (1890). "Hancock, Thomas (1783-1849)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. p. 275.
^ Ceadel, Martin (2000). Semi-detached Idealists. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-924117-0.
^ Ceadel 2000, p. 113.
^ Ceadel 2000, p. 114.
^ Ceadel 2000, p. 127.
^ Ceadel, Martin (1996). The Origins of War Prevention : The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730–1854 (Reprint. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 521. ISBN 9780198226741.
^ Ward, John (1888). "Crawford, William (1788-1847)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 13. p. 57.
^ Sutton, Charles William (1890). "Hargreaves, James (1768-1845)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. p. 381.
^ Pollard, Albert (1895). "Pease, Edward" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 44. pp. 178–180.
^ Spartacus article on Joseph Pease Archived 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Memoirs of Evan Rees, the first Secretary, were published in 1853. They are available online at GoogleBooks.
^ details of four published texts by Rev Nun Morgan Harry are to be found in the British Library Integrated Catalogue.
^ Harry, Jefferson and Richard are all buried at Abney Park Cemetery.
^ "International Peace Society Collected Records (CDG-B Great Britain), Swarthmore College Peace Collection".
^ Researching Yorkshire Quaker History (2007) p.95, Item 1.5.6.
^ Collection Savings Bank Museum Collection.^{[dead link]}

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Peace Society". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.