The Pebbly Arkose Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation found in southern Africa.
| Pebbly Arkose | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Carnian ~ | |
 Pebbly arkose outcrop, Ndepa hill, Kariba District, Zimbabwe | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Upper Karoo Group, Karoo Supergroup |
| Underlies | Forest Sandstone |
| Overlies | Escarpment Grit & Angwa Sandstone |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 16°12′S 30°18′E / 16.2°S 30.3°E |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 50°48′S 11°54′E / 50.8°S 11.9°E |
| Region | Mashonaland Central & West |
| Country |  Botswana Zambia Zimbabwe |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Descriptive name |
| Named by | A.M. MacGregor, Zimbabwe Geological Survey |
  Pebbly Arkose Formation (Africa)  Pebbly Arkose Formation (Zimbabwe) | |
Geology
editDescription
editThe formation comprises mainly coarse, arkosic sandstones.[1]
Extent
editThe Pebbly Arkose Formation is found in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, in the Mid-Zambezi, Mana Pools, Cabora Bassa and Limpopo basins.
Stratigraphy
editThe Pebbly Arkose Formation is part of the Upper Karoo Group, overlies the Escarpment formation (in the Mid-Zambezi and Limpopo basins)[2] and the Angwa Sandstone Formation (in the Mana Pools and Cabora Bassa Basins)[3] and underlies the Forest Sandstone Formation.[4]
The Pebbly Arkose has been correlated to the Elliot Formation of the Great Karroo Basin, South Africa[4][5] and the Mpandi Formation of the Thuli Basin in Botswana and Zimbabwe.[6]
Fossil content
editFlora
edit| Pinales of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Notes | Images | |
| Form genus: Dadoxylon | Widespread in the formation[7] | |||
Vertebrate fauna
editArchosaur
edit| Archosaurs of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Mbiresaurus[8] | M. raathi | Dande Communal Land. | A complete partially-articulated skeleton. | An early member of Sauropodomorpha | |
| Musankwa[9] | M. sanyatiensis | Spurwing Island. | An articulated partial right leg. | A basal massopodan sauropodomorph |
 |
| Massospondylus | M. sp. | Spurwing Island. | A basal sauropodomorph. | ||
| Aetosaur[8] | Indeterminate. | ||||
| Herrerasaurid[8] | Indeterminate | Dande Communal Land. | |||
Reptiles
edit| Rhynchosauria of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Hyperodapedon[10] | Dande, Mbire District, Zimbabwe[10] |  | |||
Synapsids
edit| Synapsida of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Dicynodontia | Indeterminate. | A possible dicynodont[8] | |||
| Gomphodontosuchine[8] | A traversodontid cynodont. | ||||
Fish
edit| Fish of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Ferganoceratodus[11] | F. edwardsi | A ceratodontiform lungfish | |||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Love, David; Ravengai, S.; Katemaunzanga, D.; Shoko, D.S.M.; Kambewa, C.; Matura, N.E. (July 2004). "The Karoo sequence in the Nyaminyami area, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe". Abstract volume, Geoscience Africa Conference. Johannesburg, South Africa: Geological Society of South Africa. p. 135.
- ^ Bordy, Emese M.; Catuneanu, Octavian (2001). "Sedimentology of the upper Karoo fluvial strata in the Tuli Basin, South Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 33 (3–4): 605. Bibcode:2001JAfES..33..605B. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00090-2.
- ^ d'Engelbronner, E.R. (1996). "New palynological data from Karoo sediments, Mana Pools basin, northern Zimbabwe". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 23 (1): 17–30. Bibcode:1996JAfES..23...17D. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(96)00049-8.
- ^ a b Nyambe, Imasiku A.; Utting, John (1997). "Stratigraphy and palynostratigraphy, Karoo Supergroup (Permian and Triassic), mid-Zambezi Valley, southern Zambia". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 24 (4): 563. Bibcode:1997JAfES..24..563N. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00081-X.
- ^ Catuneanu, O.; Wopfner, H.; Eriksson, P.G.; Cairncross, B.; Rubidge, B.S.; Smith, R.M.H.; Hancox, P.J. (2005). "The Karoo basins of south-central Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 43 (1–3): 211–253. Bibcode:2005JAfES..43..211C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.007.
- ^ Rogers, Raymond R.; Rogers, Kristina Curry; Munyikwa, Darlington; Terry, Rebecca C.; Bradley s.Singer (2004). "Sedimentology and taphonomy of the upper Karoo-equivalent Mpandi Formation in the Tuli Basin of Zimbabwe, with a new 40Ar/39Ar age for the Tuli basalts" (PDF). Journal of African Earth Sciences. 40 (3–4): 147. Bibcode:2004JAfES..40..147R. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.11.004.
- ^ Nugent, Chris (1990). "The Zambezi River: Tectonism, climatic change and drainage evolution". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 78 (1–2): 55–69. Bibcode:1990PPP....78...55N. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90204-K.
- ^ a b c d e Griffin CT, Wynd BM, Munyikwa D, Broderick TJ, Zondo M, Tolan S, Langer MC, Nesbitt SJ, Taruvinga HR (2022). "Africa's oldest dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution". Nature. 609 (7926): 313–319. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..313G. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05133-x. PMID 36045297.
- ^ Barrett, Paul M.; Chapelle, Kimberley E.J.; Sciscio, Lara; Broderick, Timothy J.; Zondo, Michel; Munyikwa, Darlington; Choiniere, Jonah N. "A new Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 69 (2): 227–241. doi:10.4202/app.01100.2023.
- ^ a b Raath, MA, Oesterlen PM, Kitching JW (1992). "First record of Triassic Rhynchosauria (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the lower Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe". Palaentologia Africana. 29: 1–10.
- ^ Challands, T. J.; Cavin, L.; Zondo, M.; Munyikwa, D.; Choiniere, J. N.; Barrett, P. M. (2024). "A new lungfish from the Upper Triassic of the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e2365391. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2365391.
Bibliography
edit- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–880. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. Retrieved 2019-02-21.