Peekaboo (also spelled peek-a-boo) is a form of play played with an infant. To play, one player hides their face, pops back into the view of the other, and says Peekaboo!, sometimes followed by I see you! There are many variations: for example, where trees are involved, "Hiding behind that tree!" is sometimes added. Another variation involves saying "Where's the baby?" while the face is covered and "There's the baby!" when uncovering the face.
Peekaboo uses a joke-like structure: surprise, balanced with expectation.[1]
Linguist Iris Nomikou has compared the game to a dialogue given the predictable back-and-forth pattern.[2] Other researchers have called the game “protoconversation" – a way to teach an infant the timing and the structure of social exchanges.[3]
Object permanence
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Peekaboo is thought by developmental psychologists to demonstrate an infant's inability to understand object permanence.[5] Object permanence is an important stage of cognitive development for infants. In early sensorimotor stages, the infant is completely unable to comprehend object permanence. Psychologist Jean Piaget conducted experiments with infants which led him to conclude that this awareness was typically achieved at eight to nine months of age.[6] He said that infants before this age are too young to understand object permanence. A lack of object permanence can lead to A-not-B errors, where children reach for a thing at a place where it should not be.[citation needed]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Stafford, Tom (April 18, 2014). "Why All Babies Love Peekaboo". BBC.
- ^ Nomikou, Iris; Leonardi, Giuseppe; Radkowska, Alicja; Rączaszek-Leonardi, Joanna; Rohlfing, Katharina J. (2017-10-10). "Taking Up an Active Role: Emerging Participation in Early Mother–Infant Interaction during Peekaboo Routines". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 1656. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01656. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5641350. PMID 29066985.
- ^ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-08-13.
- ^ Kitajima, Yoshio; Kumoi, Miyoshi; Koike, Toshihide (1998). "Developmental changes of anticipatory heart rate responses in human infants". Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology. 16 (2): 93–100. doi:10.5674/jjppp1983.16.93. ProQuest 619539004.
- ^ Mayers, David (2011). Exploring Psychology. New York, NY: Worth. ISBN 978-1-4292-1635-7.
- ^ Wellman, Henry M.; et al. (1986), "Infant Search and Object Permanence: A Meta-Analysis of the A-Not-B Error.", Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51 (3): i-67, doi:10.2307/1166103, JSTOR 1166103, PMID 3683418
Further reading
edit- Bruner, J. S. & Sherwood, V. (1976). "Peek-a-boo and the learning of rule structures". In Bruner, J.; Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (eds.). Play: Its Role in Development and Evolution. Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 277–287. ISBN 0-14-081126-5.