Periamygdaloid cortex (or periamygdalar area) is a portion of the rhinencephalon consisting of paleocortex. It is a cortical-like nucleus of the amygdaloid complex. Though considered a nucleus, the periamygdalar area is more commonly associated with cortex due to its layered structure and location on the outer surface of the brain.[1]
| Periamygdaloid cortex | |
|---|---|
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | cortex periamygdaloideus |
| MeSH | D066277 |
| NeuroNames | 166 |
| NeuroLex ID | nlx_144210 |
| TA98 | A14.1.09.415 |
| TA2 | 5550 |
| FMA | 62485 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
The periamygdaloid cortex is located on the dorsal surface of the brain bordered by the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, periamygdalar claustrum, and anterior amygdaloid area.[2] Its ventromedial and dorsolateral borders are defined by the first myelin bundle of the external capsule, while its remaining borders show no myelinated fiber projections or inputs as well as a higher density of acetylcholinesterase and cholinergic synapses than the neighboring anterior amygdaloid area.[2]
The periamygdaloid cortex plays a role in olfaction,[3] and recent studies have shown that it may be involved in many more processes including opiate addiction,[4] assessment of negative emotions,[5] and depression.[4] Additionally, it has been suggested that the left periamygdalar region may play a role in yawning.[6]
Olfactory System
editThe periamygdaloid cortex is part of the primary olfactory cortex which receives input from the olfactory bulbs via the lateral olfactory tract.[7] Along with the amygdala, the periamygdaloid cortex conducts cognitive evaluation of the olfactory input it receives and projects it back to the olfactory bulbs.[8]
Addiction and Depression
editA study of prodynorphin in the periamygdaloid cortex of humans with heroin addiction found that prodynorphin levels were significantly reduced. Further tests were run to determine the link of heroin metabolites to the prodynorphin to rule out ambiguity, but these tests led researchers to confirm that these decreases in prodynorphin were due to chronic heroin use and not a secondary factor.[4] The mRNA-prodynorphin expression of rats undergoing heroin self-administration showed similar results which, paired with tests of affect, indicate that prodynorphin expression in the periamygdaloid cortex of rats correlates with negative affect.[4] With the rat model results in mind, the study's results suggest that human opiate addicts have a lessened ability to manage negative affect due to the effects of heroin on the periamygdaloid cortex.
Similar to its proposed mechanism of action in heroin addiction, prodynorphin in the periamygdaloid cortex has been shown to be significantly decreased in Major Depressive Disorder sufferers.[4] This further implicates prodynorphin in the control of negative affect in humans and thus suggests that the periamygdaloid cortex is partially responsible for affect in humans.
Negative Emotion Assessment
editThe activity of various brain regions were assessed during exposure-recognition tasks of static and dynamic facial expressions of anger and happiness. Both the left and right periamygdaloid cortex voxels studied showed differential activation when the subject was tasked with recognizing dynamic expressions of anger compared to neutral, control expressions. This was not observed in static expressions of anger or in any expressions of happiness. These results suggest that the periamygdaloid cortex may be partially responsible for interpreting facial expressions and body language that indicate anger.[5] This demonstrated involvement of the periamygdaloid cortex in dynamic anger assessment adds to the discoveries in more recent research linking the periamygdaloid cortex with prodynorphin expression.[4]
References
edit- ^ Sah, P.; Faber, E. S. L.; Lopez De Armentia, M.; Power, J. (July 2003). "The amygdaloid complex: anatomy and physiology". Physiological Reviews. 83 (3): 803–834. doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2003. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 12843409.
- ^ a b García-Amado, María; Prensa, Lucía (2012-06-13). "Stereological Analysis of Neuron, Glial and Endothelial Cell Numbers in the Human Amygdaloid Complex". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38692. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038692. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3374818. PMID 22719923.
- ^ Majak, Katarzyna; Pitkänen, Asia (2003). "Projections from the periamygdaloid cortex to the amygdaloid complex, the hippocampal formation, and the parahippocampal region: a PHA-L study in the rat". Hippocampus. 13 (8): 922–942. doi:10.1002/hipo.10134. ISSN 1050-9631. PMID 14750655. S2CID 29706209.
- ^ a b c d e f Anderson, Sarah Ann R.; Michaelides, Michael; Zarnegar, Parisa; Ren, Yanhua; Fagergren, Pernilla; Thanos, Panayotis K.; Wang, Gene-Jack; Bannon, Michael; Neumaier, John F. (2013-12-02). "Impaired periamygdaloid-cortex prodynorphin is characteristic of opiate addiction and depression". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 123 (12): 5334–5341. doi:10.1172/jci70395. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 3859405. PMID 24231353.
- ^ a b Kilts, Clinton D.; Egan, Glenn; Gideon, Deborah A.; Ely, Timothy D.; Hoffman, John M. (2003). "Dissociable Neural Pathways Are Involved in the Recognition of Emotion in Static and Dynamic Facial Expressions". NeuroImage. 18 (1): 156–168. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1323. PMID 12507452. S2CID 17223464.
- ^ Schürmann M, Hesse MD, Stephan KE, et al. (February 2005). "Yearning to yawn: the neural basis of contagious yawning". NeuroImage. 24 (4): 1260–4. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.022. PMID 15670705. S2CID 6269514.
- ^ Zelano, C. M. (2007). The role of human primary olfactory cortex in olfactory processing. University of California, Berkeley.
- ^ Freiherr, Jessica (2017). "Cortical Olfactory Processing". Springer Handbook of Odor. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. pp. 97–98. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_38. ISBN 9783319269306.