The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction developed by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1868 that is used to make cinnamic acids. It gives an α,β-unsaturated aromatic acid or α-substituted β-aryl acrylic acid by the aldol condensation of an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride, in the presence of an alkali salt of the acid.[1][2] The alkali salt acts as a base catalyst, and other bases can be used instead.[3]
| Perkin reaction | |||||||||||
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| Named after | William Henry Perkin | ||||||||||
| Reaction type | Condensation reaction | ||||||||||
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| RSC ontology ID | RXNO:0000003 
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Reaction mechanism
edit
Clear from the reaction mechanism, the anhydride of aliphatic acid must contain at least 2 α-H for the reaction to occur. The above mechanism is not universally accepted, as several other versions exist, including decarboxylation without acetic group transfer.[7]
Applications
edit- Salicylaldehyde converted to coumarin using acetic anhydride with acetate as base.[8]
- cinnamic acid is prepared from benzaldehyde, again using acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium or potassium acetate.
- resveratrol (c.f. fo-ti), a phytoestrogenic stilbene is yet another product of this methodology.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Perkin, W. H. (1868). "On the artificial production of coumarin and formation of its homologues". Journal of the Chemical Society. 21: 53–61. doi:10.1039/js8682100053.
- ^ Perkin, W. H. (1877). "On some hydrocarbons obtained from the homologues of cinnamic acid; and on anethol and its homologues". Journal of the Chemical Society. 32: 660–674. doi:10.1039/js8773200660.
- ^ Dippy, J. F. J.; Evans, R. M. (1950). "The nature of the catalyst in the Perkin condensation". J. Org. Chem. 15 (3): 451–456. doi:10.1021/jo01149a001.
- ^ Johnson, J. R. (1942). "The Perkin Reaction and Related Reactions". Org. React. 1: 210–265. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or001.08. ISBN 0471264180.
- ^ House, H. O. (1972) Modern Synthetic Reactions, W. A. Benjamin, Menlo Park, California, 2nd ed, pp. 660–663
- ^ Rosen, T. (1991). "The Perkin Reaction". Compr. Org. Synth. 2: 395–408. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00034-2. ISBN 978-0-08-052349-1.
- ^ Bansal, Raj K. (1998) Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition , pp. 199–201, ISBN 9780470858585 doi:10.1002/0470858583.
- ^ Panten, Johannes; Surburg, Horst (2016). "Flavors and Fragrances, 3. Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–45. doi:10.1002/14356007.t11_t02. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
- ^ Solladié, Guy; Pasturel-Jacopé, Yacine; Maignan, Jean (2003). "A re-investigation of resveratrol synthesis by Perkins reaction. Application to the synthesis of aryl cinnamic acids". Tetrahedron. 59 (18): 3315–3321. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(03)00405-8. ISSN 0040-4020.