The Peruvian warbling antbird or Peruvian antwarbler[2], (Hypocnemis peruviana) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[3]
| Peruvian warbling antbird | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | Hypocnemis |
| Species complex: | Hypocnemis cantator complex |
| Species: | H. peruviana
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| Binomial name | |
| Hypocnemis peruviana Taczanowski, 1884
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| Synonyms | |
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Hypocnemis cantator peruviana and Hypocnemis cantator saturata | |
Taxonomy and systematics
editThe Peruvian warbling antbird was long considered a subspecies of the then warbling antbird Hypocnemis cantator sensu lato. Following a study published in 2007 that assessed vocal differences and to a lesser degree differences in plumages among the warbling antbird's subspecies, it and several others were elevated to full species status.[3][4][5]
The Peruvian warbling antbird's further taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee and the Clements taxonomy assign it two subspecies, the nominate H. p. peruviana (Taczanowski, 1884) and H. p. saturata (Carriker, 1930).[3][6] However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World does not recognize saturata but treats what it calls the "Peruvian antwarbler" as monotypic.[7]
This article follows the two-subspecies model.
Description
editThe Peruvian warbling antbird is 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) long. Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a black crown with a white central streak and a white supercilium on an otherwise black and white speckled face. Their upperparts are grayish brown with a white patch between the scapulars and much black and white speckling. Their rump is rufous. Their flight feathers are brown with yellowish olive-brown edges and their wing coverts black with white tips. Their tail is brown with pale buff tips to the feathers. Their throat and breast are white with many dark spots. Their central belly is whitish and their flanks and undertail coverts are deep rufous. Females have the same pattern but different colors than males. Their upperparts are heavily marked with dusky and buff. Subspecies H. p. saturata has essentially the same plumage as the nominate but is somewhat darker overall.[8][9][10][11][12]
Distribution and habitat
editThe nominate subspecies of the Peruvian warbling antbird is found from eastern Peru south of the Amazon into northern Bolivia and southwestern Amazonian Brazil. Subspecies H. p. saturata is found from southern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador into northeastern Peru and east into west-central Amazonian Brazil. In Brazil the species' eastern border is the Rio Madeira. In southern Peru its range overlaps that of the yellow-breasted warbling antbird (H. subflava). The species primarily inhabits the edges and gaps in várzea and igapó evergreen forest, mature secondary forest, and forest along watercourses in more open landscapes. To a lesser extent it inhabits terra firme forest and somewhat open woodlands.[8][9][10][11][12]
Behavior
editMovement
editThe Peruvian warbling antbird is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[8]
Feeding
editThe Peruvian warbling antbird's diet and foraging behavior are not known in detail, but it feeds primarily on insects and spiders. It typically forages by itself, in pairs, or in family groups and only occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It forages mostly in dense vegetation such as vine tangles, understorey shrubs, bamboo thickets, and among epiphyte cluster on tree trunks and branches. It takes most of its prey by reaching or lunging from a perch and also makes short sallies to overhanging vegetation. It regularly follows army ant swarms, though it defers to obligate ant followers.[8][9][10][12]
Breeding
editThe Peruvian warbling antbird's breeding season has not been defined but appears to span April to December in Ecuador and from at least September to November in Peru. Its nest has not been described. The usual clutch is two eggs which are pinkish with purple streaks and spots. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.[8]
Vocalization
editThe male Peruvian warbling antbird's song is "not at all warbling...a raspy, almost snarling 'peér, peer-peer-peer-peer-pur-pur-pyur' with descending effect". Females reply with a "shorter, higher-pitched version" that may start during the male's song. Both sexes give "wur-cheeé or wur-cheeé-cheeé" calls.[9]
Status
editThe IUCN has assessed the Peruvian warbling antbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known but is believed to be increasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered fairly common to common in most of its range and occurs in several protected areas.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Peruvian Antwarbler Hypocnemis peruviana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22735479A95112781. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22735479A95112781.en. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2023). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy retrieved 28 December 2023
- ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ Isler, M.L.; Isler, P.R.; Whitney, B.M. (2007). "Species limits in antbirds (Thamnophilidae): the Warbling Antbird (Hypocnemis cantator) complex". Auk. 124 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[11:SLIATT]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Lebbin, Daniel (August 2007). "Proposal (299): Split Hypocnemis cantator by elevating H. flavescens, peruviana, subflava, ochrogyna and striata to species rank". South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- ^ Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 28 October 2023
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved 13 December 2022
- ^ a b c d e f del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Peruvian Warbling-Antbird (Hypocnemis peruviana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.perwaa1.01 retrieved 21 June 2024
- ^ a b c d Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 418–419. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
- ^ a b c McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ a b van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ a b c Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Plate 168.
External links
edit- Peruvian Warbling-Antbird. arthurgrosset.com. Accessed 2008-06-27