The Pfalz-Ardenner or Pfalz Ardenner Kaltblut is a German breed of heavy draught horse. As the name suggests, it originates in the Pfalz or Rhineland-Palatinate, and derives from the Ardennais horses of Belgium, France and Luxembourg. A stud-book was started in 1906.
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| Conservation status | |
|---|---|
| Other names |
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| Country of origin | Germany |
| Distribution | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| Use | agriculture, forestry |
| Traits | |
| Height | |
| Colour | any |
In the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed. In 2022 the breeding stock consisted of 27 brood-mares and 8 stallions.[2]
History
editThe Pfalz-Ardenner is a relatively young breed, derived from the Ardennais,[3]: 495 as its name suggests.
While the origins of the Ardennais can be traced back to the 17th century,[3]: 495 the German breed is more specifically derived from various crosses between French and Belgian draft horses, undertaken at the beginning of the 20th century[4]: 217 in southwest Germany.
French Ardennais horses were the most important influence,[5]: 14 but some Comtois were also crossed with Rhineland and Bavarian draft horses. Then, in 1896, a breeding cooperative was formed and ten years later, in 1906, a stud-book was established based on imports of Ardennais horses from Alsace and Lorraine in France, with a small contribution of Bavarian horses.[3]: 495 [6]: 2
The Pfalz-Ardenner studbook has always been very open, accepting a large number of horses in crossbreeding. With the motorization of farming, the breed was threatened with extinction in the 1970s.[4]: 217
Until the 2010s,[5]: 13 the Pfalz-Ardenner was never considered a breed in its own right. Since then, a handful of breeders in the Rhineland-Palatinate-Saarland region have dedicated themselves to its preservation.
Description
editCAB International[3]: 495 and the Delachaux[4]: 217 guide indicate an average height of 1.52 m to 1.62 m, which is according to the breed's studbook regulations.[6]: 2 DAD-IS gives an average height of 1.57 m for females and 1.60 m for males. The weight is between 700 and 800 kg, making it a medium draught horse.[7] However, this weight can increase to 1,000 kg. Life expectancy is about 25 years.
Morphology and coat
editThe head is rather small, with a broad forehead and short ears.[4]: 217 The chest is broad and the croup is muscular.[4]: 217 The body should be of medium thickness for a draft horse, with a deep girth.[6]: 2 The feet should be sturdy.[6]: 2
All colors are permitted,[3]: 495 but the most common, according to the Delachaux guide, are bay, chestnut, black, gray, and roan.[4]: 217 However, roan is not listed among the coats found in the breed's studbook (2015).[6]: 2
Selection
editSince 2008, the studbook has officially accepted Ardennais, Breton, Comtois, South German, Rhineland, and Swedish Ardennais horses[6]: 3 for crossbreeding, provided the other parent is a registered Pfalz-Ardenner.[6]: 3
If the crossbreed horse meets the breeding objectives, then it is registered in the studbook of its breed.[6]: 4 The goal is to maintain the selection of a versatile, medium-weight draft horse. Subjects must be able to work in all three gaits[6]: 2 and are tested for pulling ability,[6]: 9, 12 among other things.
Selection is based on character, favoring horses that are gentle, versatile, well-balanced, and suitable for recreational activities.[6]: 3
Stallions can be approved for breeding at the age of three, subject to evaluation.[6]: 5 The same applies to mares.[6]: 6 Horses belonging to the breed have a suffix to their name that is specific to the breeding farm of origin.[6]: 15
Uses
editIn the past, the breed was valued for its versatility. The breed was originally intended for use in agriculture and as a skidding horse, but motorization has greatly reduced these activities.[3]: 495 [4]: 217
Combined driving, skidding (and other agricultural and forestry work), and pleasure riding[3]: 495 [4]: 217 [6]: 2 are the uses of the Pfalz-Ardenner today. It can still be used in heavy traction work, but it is also bred for meat production.
Breeding dissemination
editThe Pfalz-Ardenner is bred primarily in southwestern Germany, in the Rhineland-Palatinate.[3]: 495
In 2015, the registered population was extremely small, with 25 animals, including 22 mares and 3 stallions.
The breed is listed as endangered by DAD-IS (2018) and it is on the Red List of endangered indigenous breeds in Germany (Rote Liste der bedrohten einheimischen Nutztierrassen).[8]: 17 Locally it is classified as an "endangered population" (Phänotypische Erhaltungspopulation: vom Aussterben bedroht)[5]: 15 because there are less than 50 individuals.
Despite these very low numbers, the situation of the Pfalz-Ardenner is actively monitored in Germany, with H. Haring stating in 2005 that "the conservation of this breed group (German draft horses) can be considered secured".[9]
Taking into account crossbreeds, the Pfalz-Ardenner breeding population in the cradle of breeding in 2015 was about 60 mares and 8 stallions.[6]: 3 This breed is also eligible for financial aid for the preservation of endangered breeds (2015).[10]
Pfalz-Ardenner polulations have been rising.[11]
References
edit- ^ Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d Breed data sheet: Pfalz Ardenner Kaltblut / Germany (Horse). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Élise Rousseau, Yann Le Bris, Teresa Lavender Fagan (2017). Horses of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691167206.
- ^ a b c Peter Herold, Jutta Jung und Reinhard Scharnhölz (2009). Arbeitspferde im Naturschutz (in Gernan). Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz. Accessed June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p [s.n.] (2015). Ursprungszuchtbuch Pfalz Ardenner Kaltblut (in German). Standenbühl: Pferdezuchtverbandes Rheinland-Pfalz-Saar e.V. Accessed June 2024.
- ^ Wirth, Julia. "Pferde in der modernen Forstwirtschaf" (PDF) (in German).
- ^ Gotzmann, Inge; Kölzer, Daniel (2011). Biologische Vielfalt – ein Thema für Heimatmuseen (in German). Bund Heimat und Umwelt in Deutschland. p. 17. ISBN 9783925374517.
- ^ Haring, H. (2005). Entwicklung, Stand und Perspektiven der Deutschen Pferdezucht (in German). Vol. 77. pp. 490–495.
- ^ "MBl. NRW. Ausgabe 2015 Nr. 12 vom 15.5.2015 Seite 273 bis 298 | RECHT.NRW.DE". recht.nrw.de (in German).
- ^ Stolz, Viola (2008). Untersuchungen zur Situation der Pferdereproduktionsmedizin in Deutschland (doctoralThesis thesis) (in German).
Further reading
edit
- Hartmann, Otto (2006). Pferdezucht (in German). Eugen Ulmer KG. ISBN 978-3-8001-4861-5.
- Rousseau, Élise (2016). Guide des chevaux d'Europe (in French). Illustrated by Yann Le Bris. Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 512. ISBN 978-2603024379.