Wikipedia

Philip the Handsome

(Redirected from Philip I, Archduke of Austria)
For the other Philip known as Philip the Fair and, sometimes, Philip the Handsome, see Philip IV of France.

Philip the Handsome[b] (22 June/July 1478 – 25 September 1506), also called the Fair, was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506, as well as the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I) for a brief time in 1506.

Philip the Handsome
Portrait by Juan de Flandes, c. 1500
King of Castile and León
(jure uxoris)
Reign12 July – 25 September 1506
Proclamation12 July 1506
PredecessorJoanna
SuccessorJoanna
Lord of the Netherlands
Duke of Burgundy[a]
Reign27 March 1482 – 25 September 1506
PredecessorMary and Maximilian I
SuccessorCharles II
Governors
See list
RegentMaximilian of Austria (1482–1494)
Born22 June/July 1478
Bruges, Flanders, Burgundian Netherlands
Died25 September 1506(1506-09-25) (aged 28)
Burgos, Castile, Spain
Burial
Royal Chapel of Granada
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1496)​
Issue
HouseHabsburg
FatherMaximilian of Austria (later Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor)
MotherMary, Duchess of Burgundy
ReligionCatholic Church
SignaturePhilip the Handsome's signature

The son of Maximilian of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor as Maximilian I) and Mary of Burgundy, Philip was not yet four years old when his mother died as a result of a riding accident, and upon her death, he inherited the Burgundian Netherlands. Despite his young age, Philip quickly proved himself an effective ruler beloved by his people in the Low Countries, pursuing policies that favored peace and economic development, while maintaining a steady course of the government building.

In 1496, Philip's father arranged for him to marry Joanna, the second daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon.[1] Around the same time, Philip's sister, Margaret, was given in marriage to Joanna's brother John, Prince of Asturias. After the deaths of her brother John, sister Isabella, and nephew Miguel, Joanna became heiress presumptive to the thrones of Castile and Aragon. Most of Philip's time in Spain was spent consolidating his power, often leading to conflicts with his wife and her father. Joanna became queen of Castile when her mother died in 1504. Philip was proclaimed king in 1506, but died a few months later, leaving his wife distraught with grief. Joanna's father, Ferdinand II of Aragon, and her own son, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, were quick to seize power, confining the queen for the rest of her life on account of her alleged insanity.[2]

Philip was the first Habsburg monarch in Spain, and every Spanish monarch since his son Charles V has been one of his descendants. Philip died before his father, and therefore never inherited his father's territories or became Holy Roman Emperor. However, his son Charles eventually united the Habsburg, Burgundian, Castilian, and Aragonese inheritances. By inheriting the Burgundian Netherlands and acquiring much of Spain and its possessions in the New World by marriage to Joanna, Philip was instrumental in vastly enhancing the territories of the Habsburgs, and his progeny would rule over European territories for the next five centuries.

Holland, gold florin 'Philippus Goudgulden', struck in Dordrecht under the reign of Philip the Fair

Biography

edit

Early life

edit
 
Boys' racing armour of Philip, made around 1490 by unknown armourer from Southern Germany

Philip was born in Bruges on 22 June/July 1478, the son of the future Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife Mary, Duchess of Burgundy.[3][c] He was born in the County of Flanders (today in Belgium) during the reign of his grandfather Frederick III. When Philip was born, King Louis XI of France, the chief opponent of his parents, spread the rumour that the child was actually a girl, not a boy. When Philip's baptism was organized, his step-grandmother Margaret of York showed the boy naked to the populace, so that any doubt about the child's sex would disappear. The child was named in honour of his maternal great-grandfather, Philip the Good, paternal grandfather of his mother Mary. In his first presentation to the father, the parents expressed double dynastic pride. Mary said: “Sir, look at your son and our child, young Philip of imperial seed.” Maximilian kissed the baby, and replied, “O noble Burgundian blood, my offspring, named after Philip of Valois.”[6]

Philip was only four years old when his mother died in 1482, resulting in him succeeding her as ruler of the Burgundian possessions under the guardianship of his father. A period of turmoil ensued which witnessed sporadic hostilities between, principally, the large towns of Flanders (especially Ghent and Bruges) and the supporters of Maximilian. Philip became caught up in events and his custody was taken away by a council appointed by the Netherlandish Estates[7] as part of the larger Flemish campaign to support their claims of greater autonomy, which they had wrested from Mary of Burgundy in an agreement known as the Great Privilege of 1477. It was only in the summer of 1485 that Maximilian, marching into Ghent with German troops and forcing its leader Jan Coppenhole to flee, could embrace his son again. Young Philip was then brought to Mechelen and delivered to the loving care of Margaret of York.[8]

By 1492, the rebellions were completely suppressed. Maximilian revoked the Great Privilege and established a strong ducal monarchy, undisturbed by particularism. But he would not reintroduce Charles the Bold's centralizing ordinances. Since 1489 (after his departure), the government under Albert III, Duke of Saxony had made more efforts in consulting representative institutions and showed more restraint in subjugating recalcitrant territories. Notables who had previously supported rebellions returned to city administrations. The Estates General continued to develop as a regular meeting place of the central government.[9][10] By the time Maximilian handed over the government to Philip, Habsburg rule was a matter of fact.[11]

Despite tumultuous political conditions, the early death of Philip's mother as well as the separation from his father and sister, Philip's young life did not lack luxuries. He was educated for the needs of a person of his social class. He became accomplished in archery, tennis, stick fighting, hunting. He also proved a valiant knight, like his father. He was a good dancer and conversationalist. He also inherited his parents' passion for music. Although, this boisterousness would not manifest in his manners as a politician.[12][13][14]

His constant campaigning caused Maximilian, the father, to be absent in the young Philip's life (he returned to battles only two months after Philip's birth). Later, emotional problems made Maximilian try to avoid returning to the Netherlands, and he would miss both the 1494 inauguration and 1496 wedding of his son.[15] Philip's tutors since arriving at Mechelen were Olivier de la Marche and François de Busleyden, who would later be his chancellor in Flanders.[16]

Ruler of Burgundian lands

edit
 
16th century stained glass window in St George's Church (Georgskapelle): Philip the Handsome, Maximilian I, Bianca Maria Sforza, Mary of Burgundy with Archduchess Margaret (left to right)

In 1493, Frederick III died, thus Philip's father Maximilian I became de facto leader of the Holy Roman Empire. Burdened with his new responsibilities and personally exasperated by his relationship with the Burgundian lands, he decided to transfer power to the 15-year-old Philip.[17] The news was welcomed by Burgundian lands, as the new ruler was native-born, spoke the language, was peace-loving and trusted his advisors, while Maximilian was warlike and did not respect the Great Privilege. From this year, Philip was in control of the government.[18] As King of the Romans, Maximilian did not accept homage from Philip though, a signal that he intended to exercise direct control over the lands. His defeated subjects were too exhausted to resist.[10]

At his inauguration in 1494, one of Philip the Fair's first administrative acts was the abolition of the Great Privilege.[19] He swore to maintaining only the privileges granted at the time of Philip the Good.[10] As during the revolts, many of the rebels had claimed Philip as their rightful and natural prince (as opposed to his father), Philip capitalized on this to restore several of his great-grandfather and grandfather's centralizing policies, while abandoning their expansionism.[20]

 
Archduke Philip opening a session (1504) of the Great Council of Mechelen

Philip was an inexperienced ruler and had a reputation for accommodating and trusting advisors, but also had a backbone. Philip freed himself from his father's control. Although Busleyden was temporarily disgraced when Maximilian summoned his son in 1496 to Germany, he was soon restored. In 1497, Philip replaced Jean Carondelet, the chancellor Maximilian had appointed, with Thomas de Plaine, who was devoted to his interests.[8] His pursuit of peace with France frustrated Maximilian, who was waging war against Charles VIII of France. Philip reconciled the regionalism represented by the Great Privilege with the harsh centralization the country had experienced under Charles the Bold, softening the rigorous demands of both sides while giving in to neither. He reimposed the Parliament of Mechelen (renamed as the Great Council, which was placed in Mechelen in December 1501 – de jure from 1504) and reclaimed royal domains. He placated France while reopening the trade route with England in the Magnus Intercursus. His policies gained him the love of the country.[21] Patricia Carson opines, though, that it was clear from the beginning that this was not meant to last, as Philip would never be able to focus on Burgundian lands forever. He was the heir of his father as Holy Roman Emperor. What the Low Countries could not have foreseen, was that Philip would one day claim the throne in Spain as well, as the husband of Joanna.[22]

 
Philip by the Master of the Legend of the Magdalen

From the time of Philip, the government in the Low Countries constituted a compromise between the states and the Empire (although, at this time, Burgundian lands had not become part of imperial circles yet, which would be confirmed in 1512 and formalized in 1548). The chancellor of Burgundy became responsible for the government's practical work in the absence of the emperor while the Great Council (Hoge Raad) acted as the country's highest body of judicial power.[23]

Philip's policy was focused on maintaining peace and economic development for his Burgundian lands. Maximilian wanted to recover Guelders, but his son wanted to keep a neutral policy and thus the father was left fighting Charles of Egmond over Guelders on his own. Only at the end of his reign, Philip decided to deal with that threat together with his father.[24] Guelders had been weakened because of the continuous state of war and other problems. That would turn out to be the only campaign in Philip's life. The duke of Cleves and the bishop of Utrecht, hoping to share spoils, gave Philip aid. Maximilian invested his own son with Guelders and Zutphen. Within months, Philip conquered the whole land and Charles of Egmond was forced to prostrate himself in front of his sovereign at the palace of Rosendaal. Charles was then forced to follow Philip wherever he went. In October 1505, they were in Brussels. But after that, Charles was able to escape and start the war again. Philip was not in a good position to make good his claims yet, because by this time he needed to depart to Spain to claim the Castilian throne.[25][26]

At the same time, while he often carefully avoided direct confrontation with the French king, in promoting his Great Council, he slowly eroded the capacity of intervention of the Parlement of Paris in Flanders and Artois, lands under the sovereignty of France. This process would be completed by Charles V in 1521. In August 1505, this resulted in written protests from King Louis XII of France, who accused him of usurpation of the rights of the sovereign and threatened Philip with sanctions. To this, Maximilian, who at this time was with Philip after returning from Gelderland, angrily sent threats and stated that he would defend his son. Philip reacted in a concilliatory manner, stating that he had consulted Maximilian and did not mean to offend Louis.[27]

Philip (and later his son Charles V) joined his father in patronising the devotion of the Seven Sorrows that associated his own mother Mary of Burgundy, who had died young and been idealised in vernacular literature, with the Virgin Mary.[28] The devotion, with its strong current of patriotism and Burgundian nostalgia, successfully helped to rally loyalty to the ruling family in the turbulence after Mary's death. The same devotion was later used to promote dynastic and territorial unity.[29]

 
Fresco at the old Rathaus in Lindau, depicting the entry of Philip

He visited Germany several times:

  • On 31 August 1496, he came to Lindau to represent his father at the Reichstag of Lindau (1496– 1497) because Maximilian could not come to the Diet personally.[30]
  • In 1498, he accompanied his father to the Reichstag in Freiburg.[31]
  • In 1505, he attended the Reichstag at Hagenau, where he and his father met the minister of the king of France, the Cardinal of Amboise.[32]

The Castilian inheritance

edit
 
Maximilian I paying attention to an execution instead of watching Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Castile's betrothal, much to his son's dismay. Satire created on behalf of the councilors of Augsburg. Plate 89 of Von der Arztney bayder Glück by the Petrarcameister.[33]

The marriage was one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras, designed to strengthen the two dynasties against growing French power, which had increased significantly thanks to the policies of Louis XI and the successful assertion of regal power after the war with the League of the Public Weal. The matter became more urgent after Charles VIII's invasion of Italy (known as the First Peninsular War). This was a matter of compromise for Philip. While assuring his pro-French advisors that he would maintain peaceful policies towards France, the marriage pleased Maximilian while allowing a partial, prudent emergence from France's shadow. Although, Philip did put efforts in safeguarding the 1493 Treaty of Senlis. His independent tendency frustrated both Maximilian and his new parents-in-law.[34]

On 20 October 1496, he married Joanna, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, in Lier, Belgium.[35]

Philip's sister Margaret married John, Prince of Asturias, the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella and heir apparent to the unified crowns of Castile and Aragon.[36] The double alliance was never intended to let the Spanish kingdoms fall under Habsburg control. At the time of her marriage to Philip, Joanna was third in line to the throne, with John and their sister Isabella married and hopeful of progeny.[citation needed]

 
Philip the Fair and Joanna of Castile, stained glass, Basilica of the Holy Blood in Bruges, 1480-1490.

In 1500, shortly after the birth of Joanna and Philip's second child (the future Emperor Charles V), in Flanders, the succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns was thrown into turmoil. The heir apparent, John, had died in 1497 very shortly after his marriage to Margaret of Austria. The crown thereby seemed destined to devolve upon his and Joanna's elder sister Isabella, wife of Manuel I of Portugal. She died in 1498, while giving birth to a son named Miguel da Paz, to whom succession to the united crowns of Castile, Aragon and Portugal now fell; however, the infant was sickly and died during the summer of 1500.[citation needed]

The succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns now fell to Joanna. Because Ferdinand could produce another heir, the Cortes of Aragon refused to recognize Joanna as heir presumptive to the Kingdom of Aragon. In the Kingdom of Castile, however, the succession was clear. Moreover, there was no Salic tradition that the Castilian Cortes could use to thwart the succession passing to Joanna. At this point, the issue of Joanna's supposed mental incompetence moved from courtly annoyance to the center of the political stage, since it was clear that Philip and his Burgundian entourage would be the real power-holders in Castile.[citation needed]

 
Joanna of Castile

In 1502, Philip, Joanna, and a large part of the Burgundian court traveled to Spain to receive fealty from the Cortes of Castile as heirs, a journey chronicled in intense detail by Antoon I van Lalaing (French: Antoine de Lalaing), the future Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Philip and the majority of the court returned to the Low Countries in the following year, leaving a pregnant Joanna behind in Madrid, where she gave birth to Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor.[citation needed]

Although Joanna was deeply in love with Philip, their married life was rendered extremely unhappy by his infidelity and political insecurity, during which time he constantly attempted to usurp her legal birthright of power. This led in great part to the rumours of her insanity from reports of depressive or neurotic acts committed while she was being imprisoned or coerced by her husband, rumors that benefited Philip politically. Most historians now agree she was merely clinically depressed at the time, not insane as commonly believed. Before her mother's death, in 1504, husband and wife were already living apart.[citation needed]

King of Castile

edit

In 1504, Philip's mother-in-law, Queen Isabella of Castile, died, leaving the Crown of Castile to Joanna. Isabella I's widower and former co-monarch, King Ferdinand II, endeavored to lay hands on the regency of Castile, but the nobles, who disliked and feared him, forced him to withdraw. Philip was summoned to Spain, where he was recognized as king.

 
Phillip and Joanna, triptych, 1505 or 1506

However, en route to Spain in January 1506, Philip and Joanna were caught in a storm and shipwrecked off the Dorset coast, forcing them on the shore near Melcombe Regis. The nearest important gentleman in the locality was Sir Thomas Trenchard, seated at Wolfeton House, who gave shelter and entertainment to the royal couple. The future minister John Russell attended the couple on this occasion, after which Philip recommended him to Henry VII.[37] Having been conducted to the palace of King Henry VII by Russell, the couple stayed as the king's guests but were in fact hostages for the duration of their stay. To get released Philip was forced to sign a treaty with Henry VII–the so-called Malus Intercursus–which included a mutual defense pact, the extradition of rebels, including the Earl of Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, who as an exile was a guest of Philip in the Low Countries, and a trade agreement which allowed English merchants to import cloth duty-free into the Low Countries. After handing over Edmund, Philip and Joanna were allowed to leave England after a stay of six weeks.[38]

Philip and Joanna landed at Corunna on 28 April 1506, accompanied by a body of German mercenaries. Father- and son-in-law mediated under Cardinal Cisneros at Remesal, near Puebla de Sanabria, and at Renedo, the only result of which was an indecent family quarrel, in which Ferdinand professed to defend the interests of his daughter, who he said was imprisoned by her husband. In meetings between 20 and 27 June, mediated by Cardinal Cisneros, the senior churchman in Spain, Ferdinand accepted that his 'most beloved children' (Joanna and Philip) should take over control of Castile.[39]

The two kings then agreed that Joanna was neither fit nor inclined to rule 'considering her infirmities and sufferings, which for the sake of honour are not expressed' and further that if 'the said most serene Queen, either from her own choice or from being persuaded by other persons should attempt to meddle in the government both would prevent it'. It suited both her father and her husband that she be regarded as incapable.

 
Meeting of Philip and Ferdinand II of Aragon in Remesal on 20 June 1506

On 27 June 1506, the Treaty of Villafáfila was signed between Ferdinand and Philip, with Philip being proclaimed King of Castile by the Cortes of Valladolid. Yet on the same day Ferdinand drew up secret documents repudiating all the agreements on the grounds of coercion, claiming that he would never otherwise have signed treaties that did 'such enormous damage to the said most serene Queen, my daughter, and me'. Having left his options for the future open, he departed for Aragon.[40] Philip appointed García Laso de la Vega (diplomat and commander, Comendador Mayor de Léon under the Catholic Monarch, died 1512) as President of the Royal Council.[41]

Even before leaving the Low Countries, Philip had ordered the total suspension of Spanish Inquisition activities. When he arrived in Spain, he proposed to the Cortes that the Inquisitor General should be deposed and the Council of Inquisition should be dissolved. His early death prevented the plan from materializing, but Ferdinand later reacted to this by splitting the Holy Tribunal, thus Castile and Aragon would each possess their own Inquisition organization.[42] The 4,000 landsknechte who followed him to Spain presumably helped to overcome the last opposition to the military reform started by Gonzalo de Cordoba and Gonzalo de Ayora.[43]

As Duke of Burgundy and King of Castile, Philip expanded the Habsburg postal system established by his father. In 1500, the centre of the system was transferred to Brussels by Franz von Taxis, whom Philip made his postmaster-general.[44][45] Shortly after becoming King of Castile, as he realized that his bureaucrats were unable to govern the postal system, he made an agreement (later renewed by Charles of Burgundy) with the Taxis that allowed them to operate unhampered by interference from the state, as long as they maintained standards in accordance with the Habsburgs' interests. Behringer notes that, "The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations."[46] On 18 January 1505 Philip unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in Granada, Toledo, Blois, Paris and Lyon.[47]

His arrival introduced the Burgundian household model into Spain, but his early death forced it to wait until Charles V's reign to become a firmly-established element of the Spanish court.[48][49]

After one month in La Coruña, he returned to Burgos and set about to appoint his men to strategic fortresses, the Royal Council as well as financial offices. He granted the Castle of Segovia and some other important fortresses to Don Juan Manuel (who was ironically Ferdinand's former servant, and had become Philip's favourite after the archbishop of Besançon died.[50][51]

He ran into financial troubles as parts of his army remained unpaid and he granted generous financial conditions to Ferdinand to hasten his departure.[52]

Cauchies writes that, in Spain, Philip found himself in the same situation his father had been during his Burgundian days. Until this day, he has been accused of being a foreign, spendthrift prince, a mere transitional monarch who was supported by bad advisors who disregarded the interests of the country. Philip would not live to see a better day like his father had, though.[53]

Patronage of the arts

edit
 
Miniature of Philip in the Statutes of the Golden Fleece. Attributed to Simon Bening[54]

Philip was an important patron of Hieronymus Bosch. In 1504, he commissioned Bosch to paint a large triptych of The Last Judgement. The work cannot be found now, but likely had some relation to the smaller triptych of the same subject in Vienna (painted by the same artist), as the face of the saint on the right outer wing seems to be that of Philip.[55]

Philip's chapel had some of the most distinguished musicians in Europe: Henry Bredemers, Pierre de La Rue, Alexander Agricola, Marbrianus de Orto and Antoine Divitis. Josquin Desprez sometimes composed for him as well. The contemporary Venetian ambassador wrote home: "Three things [here] are of the highest excellence: silk..., tapestry..., [and] music, which certainly can be said to be perfect."[56] Perhaps influenced by Maximilian, Philip actively supported instrumental music. There seemed to be a lend-lease arrangement of some kind between the courts of father and son, as the trombonist Augustine Schubinger worked for both Maximilian and Philip. Other outstanding wind players supported by Philip included Hans Nagel and Jan Van den Winckel.[57]

 
Fol. 20r in Johannes de Vico's world chronicle (Chronicon, around 1495–1498). Cod. 325, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna

Philip realized the potential of the printing industry regarding its ability to disseminate information, but when it came to private taste, he had an aversion towards printed books and preferred manuscripts, especially musical manuscripts, which became popular diplomatic gifts under his reign. The chief musical scribe was the priest Martin Bourgeois. The court also employed other scribes and calligraphers. The grandees of the realm also adopted the taste of their sovereign.[58][59][60][61]

His patronage of manuscripts though could not compare with that of his ancestors Philip the Bold and Philip the Good, as he died young and manuscript production had declined overall by the end of the fifteenth century. One manuscript produced for him, a world chronicle by Johannes de Vico from Douai (Cod. 325, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna, 660 × 430mm), is unrivalled in comparison with his predecessor's manuscripts though. The layout and content display many unique features. The heraldic program on fol.17v seems to correspond to the situation of the 1498 Treaty of Paris, when Philip sided with the French king and the papacy against his father (who is referred to as emperor in the lineage of Holy Roman Emperors and the inscription that introduces the commissioner, but otherwise appears not in his own right but as the consort of Mary of Burgundy and guardian of Philip; Frederick III, Philip's paternal grandfather, on the other hand, is given a lengthy section; also the book does not mention Philip's Burgundian ancestors or King Louis IX of France, who frequently features in French universal chronicles of the fifteenth century).[62]

Philip was a patron to Desiderius Erasmus, who praised him for making peace with France and advised him that after God, a prince's duty was owed first to patria (the nation) and not to pater (father, in this case Maximilian).[63]

Death and aftermath

edit
 
Statue created by Sixt von Staufen in Basler Hof (Freiburg), around 1530–1531.[64]

However, Philip died suddenly at Burgos, apparently of typhoid fever,[65] on 25 September 1506, although a poisoning (assassination) was widely spoken of at the time,[66] and is what his wife believed to be the cause of Philip's death. His wife supposedly refused to allow his body to be buried or part from it for a while. Philip I is entombed at the Royal Chapel of Granada (Capilla Real de Granada), alongside his wife, and her parents Isabella I and Ferdinand II. Cauchies even proposes plague as a possible cause of death, as at this point Philip seemed to be exhausted, having overworked himself (the workload was so enormous that despite being a passionate hunter all his life, Philip was unable to exercise this hobby for just once, as he wrote to his father in July 1506) and there were known incidents of plague in the environment. Philip had shown a level of prudence about the food served to him: a letter of the experienced German commander Wolfgang von Fürstenberg (who commanded the Landsknechte and was attached to Philip's entourage by Maximilian) to Maximilian shows that in A Coruña, Philip ate only at Fürstenberg's table because he distrusted other sources of food. Nevertheless, Maximilian unhesitatingly and openly blamed Louis XII for his beloved son's death in front of the Imperial Diet.[67]

In the aftermath, a delegation of the States General of the Netherlands was sent to Austria to offer the regency to Maximilian. The depressed emperor tried to evade them to their surprise. In 1507, he finally received them and decided that Philip's sister, Margaret of Austria, would become the governor. In April 1517, the States General welcomed the appointment of another native of the Netherlands.[68]

In Spain, hearing about Philip's death. the opponents of the Inquisition made a move. The marquis of Priego attacked the Inquisition's prison and liberated its prisoners. The procurator was arrested. Diego Rodríguez Lucero, the inquisitor of Cordoba, managed to flee. "The canons, the municipality and the nobility — the marquis of Priego and the count of Cabra — all denounced the excesses, corruption and abuses of the inquisitor". This later caused Ferdinand to declare Grand Inquisitor Deza to be responsible. Deza was forced to resign and was replaced with Cardinal Cisneros, who arrested Lucero in 1508.[69]

Epithets

edit
 
"The members of the guild of the large crossbow in Mechelen" (c.1500), by the Master of the Mechelen Guild of Saint George, kmska 28-02-2010 13-43-37. As requested by the Guild, Saint George bears the features of Philip while the princess has the features of Joanna. Like his great-grandfather Philip the Good, Philip the Handsome participated in shooting competitions and kept a special relationship with guilds.[70][71]

His good looks earned him the nickname "the Handsome" or "the Fair".[72]

Many contemporaries noticed Philip's physical attractiveness. Vincenzo Querini, the Venetian ambassador, described Philip as "physically beautiful, vigorous and rich" (bello di corpo, gagliardo e prospero). Peter Martyr d'Anghiera and Lorenzo de Padilla also noted his good looks.[73][74] When Louis XII of France saw him, the king said, "What a handsome prince!" (Que voilà un beau prince)."[75]

He was a slim sportsman who liked to dress in a sumptuous style and knew how to impress women. His skills in knightly exercises and the hunt was such that even as a youth, he acted as teacher of the princes sent to his court.[76]

Joan-Lluis Palos suggests that the epithet might come also from his riding style and his behaviours as a sportsman. When he visited Castile in 1502, he astonished his hosts when he displayed his riding skills by leaping from one horse to another. He also admired a Spanish riding style (inspired by the Muslims), called "à la jineta", with bent knees and short stirrups. He learned this from Rámon of Cardona, Master of King Ferdinand's stable, in a matter of days. According to Lorenzo de Padilla [es], he "played all sports as a pastime, and was fonder of la pelota [handball] than any other." He also appeared to prefer the luxurious "Moorish" dressing style to the Spanish one.[77] A 1611 dictionary explains thus:

jinete [rider] might come from cinete, which is Cinetum in Arabic, and means ornament, from the word ceyene, to beautify or make beautiful ["hermosear o ser hermoso"], from the gallantry of riders when they rally to festivities with their turbans and feathers, fitted Moorish dresses and boots and the harnesses of their rich horses.

Philip also had the nickname "Croit-Conseil" (Believer of Counsel or Believer of Council), chosen for him by Olivier de La Marche. This nickname has sometimes been interpreted as portraying a malleable prince who allowed his advisors to control the country.[78][79] According to Catherine Emerson, attending to conseil is actually a cardinal virtue of a prince, which La March attributed to both Philip the Good and his great-grandson.[80] Anna Margarete Schlegelmilch also writes that the nickname is not derogative in any way. Both La March and other contemporaries like Jean Molinet thought that it was a good sign when a young ruler was open to the words of prudent and wise advisors. It corresponds to the ruling style of a prince who, out of the desire to attain peace and economic recovery for a country that had recently experienced too much turbulence, tried to balance his government between the rights of the prince, the nobles and the provinces, gave his Estates a say in the matters of war and peace, and relied upon confidants whose families had served his ancestors for generations (the conseil ducal had 14 members, including Engelbert II of Nassau, William de Croÿ, John III of Bergen).[81]

Legacy

edit
 
Posthumous portrait by Peter Paul Rubens, frequently mistaken for a portrait of his father Maximilian I. The crown he was wearing was a royal crown, not an imperial crown. The style of the armour and the St. Andrew's Cross on the breastplate (added to his coat of arms after his marriage to Joanna of Castile) suggests that this was Philip I of Castile, the Handsome.[82]

Philip was a figure often eclipsed in history books by his parents, Mary and Maximilian, partly also by his tragic wife Joanna I, and even more so by his son, Charles V. In his 2003 biography Philippe le Beau: le dernier duc de Bourgogne (Philip the Handsome: the last Duke of Burgundy), Belgian historian Jean-Marie Cauchies writes that Philip, who died young, still at the beginning of his political ascendancy, was not yet an aspirant for universal monarchy like his son later, but remained above all the heir and continuator of the dukes of Burgundy. Surrounded by ambitious ministers with very divergent views, facing his father–the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, his parents-in-law–the Catholic monarches, and the king of France, his choices as a leader presented him as the "enfant terrible" of international European politics. According to Cauchies, he was not a "great man", or had not lived long enough to show himself as such. He had not shown the stature or the creativity of his father, and could not claim the scope that Charles V reached either. But he personified the prince of peace and concord, the promise of better days, and his education, his manners, his court displayed the essence of Burgundian culture.[83]

Belgian historian Jonathan Dumont, while reviewing Le Royaume inachevé des ducs de Bourgogne (XIVe–XVe siècles) (translated into English as The Illusion of the Burgundian State) Élodie Lecuppre-Desjardin, notes that historiography dealing with the Burgundian state building project should not end with Charles the Bold, as attempts to build a monarchical and state-ideal became particularly visible under Philip the Handsome and extended into the early years of Charles of Habsburg. If there was a rupture, it happened only with the 1519 imperial election.[84]

James Kennedy notes that by most accounts, Philip was "an ideal prince, well acquainted with and well disposed toward the Low Countries."[85]

German historían Klaus Oschema argues that the Burgundian-Habsburg alliance's situation in the West, and especially their ascension in Spain, was far from being guaranteed in the beginning. It was the work of Philip and his sister Margaret that made their father's expansion strategy in the West possible and paved the way for the Habsburgs' ultimate success.[86]

Some criticize him for being a sadist in private life though, regarding his treatment of Joanna, that he "held Juana in a vicious cycle of affection, abuse, and intimidation from which she was constitutionally unable to escape."[87][88] He had a loving relationship with Margaret, who had been separated from him for a long time though. When they said goodbye to each other in 1497, Margaret told her brother these prophetic words, with a taste of gallows humour, "Don't make me cry, I will need to swallow enough salt water."[89]

Depictions in arts

edit
 
Arrival of the statue of Notre-Dame to Brussels, from the tenture of Notre-Dame du Sablon, 1518, wool and silk - Cinquantenaire Museum - Brussels, Belgium. The kneeling figure wearing a crown on the left is Philip.[90]
  • Peter Frey, a composer active in the first half of the sixteenth century, wrote a song about Philip's 1506 journey and visit to Santiago.[91]
  • There are two "historical songs" in the Netherlands about Philip's journey and death, which also paint a negative picture of Joanna. One of them accuses her of poisoning Philip.[91]
  • Absalon, fili mi is a motet, possibly commissioned by Maximilian to commemorate Philip's death, and written by Pierre de la Rue, although there are controversies on the matter.[92][93]
  • Arch of Philip IV by Peter Paul Rubens, Jacob Jordaens and Cornelis de Vos (1614) features the marriage of Philip and Joanna on the main panel of one side.[94]
  • Maximilian's Cenotaph in Innsbruck features a large statue of Philip (measuring 272 cm (107 in)), also considered one of the most notable staues of the group.[95][96][97]
  • There are various depictions of the scene of Philip's death and Joanna in mourning. Doña Joanna the Mad (1877) by the Spanish painter Francisco Pradilla is a notable example.[98] Others include Juana la Loca (1836) by Charles de Steuben, Demencia de Doña Juana de Castilla (1866) by Lorenzo Vallés.[99][100]
  • Philip is depicted in a miniature in the Freydal tournament book jousting with his father, Maximilian, who is in the guise of the book's eponymous hero. The scene is anachronistic as the tournament book, commissioned by Maximilian between 1512 and 1515, tells a fictionalised story, through allegory, of how Maximilian met Philip's mother.[101]

Family

edit
 
Children of Philip and Joanna

At the beginning of their marriage, Philip had genuine affection for Joanna. But his education, which was influenced by Franco-Burgundian traditions, contributed to a model of rulership "exclusively male", thus he never saw Joanna as his political equal and could not accept that she tried to forge her own political identity. Maximilian tried to reconcile the couple, telling Philip that he could only succeed as a ruler if husband and wife acted as "una cosa medesima" (one and the same), but despite Philip's efforts, Joanna would not cooperate in his power struggle against her own father. In the end, his controlling and manipulative behaviours, together with Ferdinand's ambitions and Joanna's depression, ruined the marriage and led to Joanna's personal tragedies.[102] Philip and Joanna of Castile had:

Ancestry

edit

Male-line family tree

edit

Titles

edit
 
Coat of arms of Philip as an Archduke and Titular Duke of Burgundy
 
Coat of arms of Philip as Count Palatine of Burgundy
 
Coat of arms of Philip as King of Castile

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Monarchs from the House of Habsburg ruled the Low Countries with the titular title of Duke/Duchess of Burgundy.
  2. ^ German: Philipp, Spanish: Felipe, French: Philippe, Dutch: Filips
  3. ^ Some secondary sources reference both dates. However, in his biography of Philip, Jean-Marie Cauchies [fr] refers only to the June date. He uses as evidence a letter dated 23 June 1478 that was sent by Mary's physicians to inform Maximilian of the birth the day before. Cauchies also refers to the baptism a week later, on 29 June.[4] Steven Thiry shows that official court historiographer Jean Molinet supports the June date.[5]

References

edit
  1. ^ Joanna (or Juana) was also the sister of Catherine of Aragon, who was Henry VIII's first wife.
  2. ^ Fox, Julia, Sister Queens: The Noble, Tragic Lives of Katherine of Aragon and Juana, Queen of Castile, New York: Ballantine Books, 2011.
  3. ^ Bietenholz & Deutscher 1987, p. 229.
  4. ^ Cauchies 2003, p. 4.
  5. ^ Thiry 2016, p. 273.
  6. ^ Blockmans, Willem Pieter; Blockmans, Wim; Prevenier, Walter (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8122-1382-9. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  7. ^ Terjanian, Pierre; Bayer, Andrea; Brandow, Adam B.; Demets, Lisa; Kirchhoff, Chassica; Krause, Stefan; Messling, Guido; Morrison, Elizabeth; Nogueira, Alison Manges; Pfaffenbichler, Matthias; Sandbichler, Veronika; Scheffer, Delia; Scholz, Peter; Sila, Roland; Silver, Larry; Spira, Freyda; Wlattnig, Robert; Wolf, Barbara; Zenz, Christina (2 October 2019). The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-58839-674-7. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  8. ^ a b The New Cambridge Modern History: 1713-63. The Old Regime. volume VII. CUP Archive. 1957. p. 234. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  9. ^ Tracy, James D. (14 November 2002). Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-521-81431-7. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Blockmans, Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 207.
  11. ^ Arblaster, Paul (13 June 2012). A History of the Low Countries. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-137-29444-9. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  12. ^ Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-313-30588-7. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  13. ^ Lerner, Edward R. (1975). "Review. Reviewed Work(s): The Emperor Maximilian I and Music by Louise Cuyler". The Musical Quarterly. 61 (1): 139. JSTOR 741689. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  14. ^ Doorslaer, Dr Georges Van (1934). La Chapelle musicale de Philippe le Beau. [Signé] (in French). publisher unknown. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  15. ^ Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas Brian (1 January 2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. University of Toronto Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8020-8577-1. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  16. ^ Wijsman, Hanno; Wijsman, Henri Willem; Kelders, Ann; Sutch, Susie Speakman (2010). Books in Transition at the Time of Philip the Fair: Manuscripts and Printed Books in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century Low Countries. Brepols. p. 31. ISBN 978-2-503-52984-4. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  17. ^ Koenigsberger & 2001, pp. 67, 69, 102.
  18. ^ Limm, P. (12 May 2014). The Dutch Revolt 1559 - 1648. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88057-8. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  19. ^ Darby, Graham (2 September 2003). The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-134-52483-9. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  20. ^ Arblaster, Paul (26 October 2018). A History of the Low Countries. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-350-30714-8. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  21. ^ Carson, Patricia (1969). The Fair Face of Flanders. Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. 120. ISBN 9789020943856. Retrieved 25 October 2021. "He could reconcile the centralization so harshly imposed under Charles the Bold, with the regionalism of the Great Privilege. He could soften the harsh demands of both and give in to neither. He reconstructed the Parliament of Mechelen, under the name of the Great Council, reclaimed the royal domains, and above all, insist on peace. In spite of his father, Philip managed to placate Charles VIII of France, and to re-tie the commercial knots with England in the Magnus Intercursus which released Anglo—Flemish trade from many of its crippling regulations."
  22. ^ (Carson 1969, p. 120) "But all this was too good to last. The probability that Philip would one day inherit the Habsburg lands from his father had been disregarded by the Low Countries. [...] in 1504, Philip took the title of king of Spain. This was an ominous moment for the Low Countries. As the bells tolled for one Spanish Infant after another, so sounded the death knell of an independent, united Netherlands."
  23. ^ Krahn, Cornelius (6 December 2012). Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600). Springer. p. 5. ISBN 978-94-015-0609-0. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  24. ^ Gunn, Steven; Grummitt, David; Cools, Hans (15 November 2007). War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477-1559. OUP Oxford. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-920750-3. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  25. ^ Edmundson, George (21 September 2018). History of Holland. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-7340-5543-0. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  26. ^ Blok, Petrus Johannes (1970). History of the People of the Netherlands: From the beginning of the fifteenth century to 1559. AMS Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 978-0-404-00900-7. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  27. ^ Cauchies 2003, p. 151.
  28. ^ Stein, Robert; Pollmann, Judith (2010). Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identities in the Low Countries, 1300-1650. BRILL. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-04-18024-6. Retrieved 8 November 2021. The devotion of the Seven Sorrows very cleverly played upon the popular sentiments of war-weariness and Burgundian patriotism by encouraging worshippers to fuse the image of the Virgin Mary mourning for her only son with that of the late duchess Mary of Burgundy.
  29. ^ (Stein & Pollmann 2010, p. 139) In a vernacular privilege issued in 1511 by Maximilian and his grandson Charles to the confraternity of the Seven Sorrows in Brussels it was related: 'How during the tribulation and discord that came to our Low Countries soon after the decease of...lady Mary of Burgundy...the devout confraternity of the Seven Sorrows of Our Blessed Lady the mother of God sprang up and arose, to which many good people immediately adhered in protection of us, Maximilian, of our children and for the common welfare of our territories; and they had such a devotion for it that...by virtue of the aforementioned mother of God.. .were ended all the afore mentioned tribulations and discord and were united our subjects in good obedience and concord.'
  30. ^ Umgebung, Verein für Geschichte des Bodensees und Seiner (1886). Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung (in German). Bodenseegeschichtsvereins. p. 168. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  31. ^ Fischer, William B. (3 January 1989). Annotated Instructors Edition to Accompany Wie Bit Te First Year German for Proficiency. J. Wiley. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-471-84922-3. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  32. ^ Grill, Heinz (1977). Maximilian I. und seine Zeit (in German). Tyrolia-Verlag. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-7022-1285-8. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  33. ^ Hodnet, Andrew Arthur (2018). The Othering of the Landsknechte. North Carolina State University. p. 81. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  34. ^ Fleming, Gillian B. (2018). Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 9783319743479. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  35. ^ Sicking 2004, p. 315.
  36. ^ Hutchinson 2011, p. 269.
  37. ^ John Hutchins, History of Dorset, Vol.I, 1774, p.453[1]
  38. ^ Penn, Thomas (2011). Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England. London: Allen Lane. pp. 213–226. ISBN 9781439191569.
  39. ^ Elliott, John (1977). Imperial Spain. ISBN 9780452006140.
  40. ^ Heath, Richard (2018). Charles V: Duty and Dynasty. The Emperor and his Changing World 1500-1558. p. 17. ISBN 9781725852785.
  41. ^ Boase, Roger (6 June 2017). Secrets of Pinar's Game (2 vols): Court Ladies and Courtly Verse in Fifteenth-Century Spain. BRILL. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-04-33836-4. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  42. ^ Prudlo, Donald S. (27 March 2019). A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions. BRILL. p. 201. ISBN 978-90-04-39387-5. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  43. ^ Delbr_ck, Hans (1 January 1990). The Dawn of Modern Warfare. U of Nebraska Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8032-6586-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  44. ^ Knox, Paul (24 August 2014). Atlas of Cities. Princeton University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-691-15781-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  45. ^ Hamelink, Cees J. (1 December 2014). Global Communication. SAGE. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4739-1159-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  46. ^ Behringer, Wolfgang (2011). "Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe". The Holy Roman Empire, 1495-1806 (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 351. ISBN 9780199602971. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  47. ^ Brisman, Shira (20 January 2017). Albrecht Dürer and the Epistolary Mode of Address. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-226-35489-7. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  48. ^ The Connecticut Nutmegger. Connecticut Society of Genealogists. 1986. p. 5. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  49. ^ Martínez Millán, José (2013). "The Triumph of the Burgundian Household in the Monarchy of Spain. From Philip the Handsome (1502) to Ferdinand VI (1759)". In Paravicini, Werner; Hiltmann, Torsten; Viltart, Frank (eds.). La cour de Bourgogne et l'Europe. Le rayonnement et les limites d'un mode'le culturel (PDF). Jan Thorbecke Verlag. pp. 745–771. ISBN 978-3-7995-7464-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  50. ^ Palos, Joan-Lluis; Sanchez, Magdalena S. (15 May 2017). Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer. Taylor & Francis. pp. 106, 107. ISBN 978-1-317-20044-4. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  51. ^ Loades, David (2009). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Amberley Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84868-335-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  52. ^ Boase, Roger (6 June 2017). Secrets of Pinar's Game (2 vols): Court Ladies and Courtly Verse in Fifteenth-Century Spain. BRILL. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-04-33836-4. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  53. ^ Cauchies 2003, pp. 248.
  54. ^ Burchard, Ludwig (1972). Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard: The decorations for the Pompa Introitus Ferdinandi. Arcade Press. pp. 81, 272. ISBN 9780714814339. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  55. ^ Büttner, Nils (15 June 2016). Hieronymus Bosch: Visions and Nightmares. Reaktion Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-78023-614-8. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  56. ^ Fenlon, Iain (15 February 1990). The Renaissance: From the 1470s to the end of the 16th century. Springer. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-349-20536-3. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  57. ^ Polk, Keith (January 2019). "Scribes, Patrons, Performers, and Spies: Petrus Alamire and the Instrumentalist Network in Renaissance Flanders". Journal of the Alamire Foundation. 11 (1–2): 130. doi:10.1484/J.JAF.5.118995. S2CID 212851431.
  58. ^ Weduwen, Arthur der; Pettegree, Andrew (14 October 2021). The Library: A Fragile History. Profile Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-78816-344-6. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  59. ^ Adam, Renaud; Imprimeurs en Brabant et en Flandre au temps de Philippe le Beau; Wijsman, Hanno (2010). Books in Transition at the Time of Philip the Fair. Manuscripts and Printed Books in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century Low Countries. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 273–285. ISBN 9782503529844. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  60. ^ Blockmans, Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 229.
  61. ^ Fenlon 1990, pp. 221, 223.
  62. ^ Nagy, Eszter (1 January 2021). "A World Chronicle for Philip the Fair". Codices Manuscripti & Impressi: 43–64. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  63. ^ Tracy, James D. (1 January 1996). Erasmus of the Low Countries. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-08745-3. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  64. ^ Reinle, Adolf (1984). Das stellvertretende Bildnis: Plastiken und Gemälde von der Antike bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Artemis. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-7608-0632-7. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  65. ^ Campbell 2016, p. 184.
  66. ^ Winder 2014, p. 68.
  67. ^ Cauchies 2003, pp. 138, 206–208.
  68. ^ Koenigsberger, H. G. (22 November 2001). Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-521-80330-4. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  69. ^ Pérez, Joseph (1 January 2005). The Spanish Inquisition: A History. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11982-4. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  70. ^ Bleyerveld, Yvonne (2005). Women of Distinction: Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria. Brepols. p. 40. ISBN 978-2-503-51917-3. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  71. ^ Curry, Anne; Bell, Adrian R. (September 2011). Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume IX: Soldiers, Weapons and Armies in the Fifteenth Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-84383-668-1. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  72. ^ Griffis, William Elliot (1903). Young People's History of Holland. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 126. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  73. ^ Philippe, Joseph (1956). L'Évangéliaire de Notger et la chronologie de l'art mosan des époques pré-romane et romane: (miniatures, ivoires, orfèvreries) (in Dutch). Palais des Académies. p. 45. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  74. ^ Belgique, Bibliothèque royale de (2006). Philippe le Beau (1478-1506): les trésors du dernier duc de Bourgogne : catalogue (in French). Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique. ISBN 978-2-87093-160-8. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  75. ^ Bertière, Simone (1994). Les reines de France au temps des Valois: Le beau XVIe siècle (in French). Editions de Fallois. p. 143. ISBN 978-2-87706-204-6. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  76. ^ Kahl, Christian (2018). Lehrjahre eines Kaisers - Stationen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung Karls V. (1500-1558): eine Betrachtung habsburgischer Fürstenerziehung/-bildung zum Ende des Mittelalters (PDF) (Thesis). Universität Trier. p. 108. doi:10.25353/ubtr-xxxx-e013-d28d. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  77. ^ Palos 2017, pp. 129–131.
  78. ^ Palos, Joan-Lluis (15 May 2017). "Introduction. Bargaining Chips: Strategic Marriages and Cultural Circulation in Early Modern Europe". In Palos, Joan-Lluis; Sanchez, Magdalena S. (eds.). Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer. Taylor & Francis. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-317-20044-4. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  79. ^ Aram, Bethany (24 February 2005). Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8018-8072-8. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  80. ^ Emerson, Catherine (2004). Olivier de La Marche and the Rhetoric of Fifteenth-century Historiography. Boydell Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-84383-052-8. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  81. ^ Schlegelmilch, Anna Margarete (2011). Die Jugendjahre Karls V: Lebenswelt und Erziehung des burgundischen Prinzen (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-412-20525-6. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  82. ^ "Philip der Schöne (1478-1506)". www.khm.at (in German). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  83. ^ Cauchies 2003, pp. 55–89, 245.
  84. ^ Dumont, Jonathan (1 January 2016). "Review of Élodie Lecuppre-Desjardin, Le royaume inachevé des ducs de Bourgogne (XIVe-XVe siècles), Paris, Belin, 2016". Le Moyen Âge, t. 122/3-4, 2016, p. 722-727: 727. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  85. ^ Kennedy, James C. (13 July 2017). A Concise History of the Netherlands. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-521-87588-2. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  86. ^ Kuhn, Matthias; Potzuweit, Laura (16 May 2022). "König Rudolf I. und der Aufstieg des Hauses Habsburg im Mittelalter H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften Geschichte im Netz History in the web". H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften (in German). Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  87. ^ Jansen, S. (17 October 2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe. Springer. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-230-60211-3. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  88. ^ Downey, Kirstin (28 October 2014). Isabella: The Warrior Queen. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-385-53412-3. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  89. ^ Leitner, Thea (1994). Schicksale im Hause Habsburg: Habsburgs verkaufte Töchter : Habsburgs vergessene Kinder (in German). Ueberreuter. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-8000-3541-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  90. ^ Campbell, Thomas P.; Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (2002). Tapestry in the Renaissance: Art and Magnificence. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-58839-022-6. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  91. ^ a b Honemann, Volker (13 October 2015). "Der heilige Jakobus als Retter aus Meeresgefahr. Spanienzug und Santiagobesuch Philipps des Schönen von Habsburg (1506) in einem Lied des Peter Frey, im "Weißkunig" Kaiser Maximilians und in zwei niederländischen Historienliedern. Mit einer Neuedition von Freys Lied". In Honemann, Volker; Röckelein, Hedwig (eds.). Jakobus und die Anderen (in German). Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. pp. 101–122. ISBN 978-3-8233-6981-3. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  92. ^ Tingle, Elizabeth C.; Willis, Jonathan (9 March 2016). Dying, Death, Burial and Commemoration in Reformation Europe. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-317-14749-7. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  93. ^ Elders, Willem (1994). Symbolic Scores: Studies in the Music of the Renaissance. BRILL. p. 127. ISBN 978-90-04-09970-8. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  94. ^ Rooses, Max (1908). Jacob Jordaens, His Life and Work. J.M. Dent & Company. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7222-3023-7. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  95. ^ University, The Open; Staff, Open University (1 January 2007). Viewing Renaissance Art. Yale University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-300-12343-2. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  96. ^ Writer.), Henry David INGLIS (Miscellaneous (1833). The Tyrol: with a Glance at Bavaria. Whittaker, Treacher&Company. p. 199. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  97. ^ Baily, J. T. Herbert (1947). The Connoisseur. National Magazine Company. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  98. ^ Hagen, Rose-Marie; Hagen, Rainer (2003). What Great Paintings Say. Taschen. p. 409. ISBN 978-3-8228-1372-0. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  99. ^ Osuna, Javier Manso (25 April 2019). Breve historia de Juana I de Castilla (in Spanish). Ediciones Nowtilus S.L. pp. 11, 85. ISBN 978-84-1305-007-2. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  100. ^ Andrés, Roberto Blanco; Clavero, Mariano González (2020). Historia de España 2º Bachillerato (2020) (in Spanish). Editex. p. 86. ISBN 978-84-1321-246-3. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  101. ^ Krause, Stefan, ed. (2019). Freydal. Medieval Games: the Book of Tournaments of Emperor Maximilian I. Taschen. p. 402. ISBN 978-3-8365-7681-9.
  102. ^ Fleming 2018, pp. 24, 28, 65, 90.
  103. ^ Ingrao 2000, p. 4.
  104. ^ a b Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Maximilian I. (emperor)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  105. ^ a b c d Poupardin, René (1911). "Charles, called The Bold duke of Burgundy" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  106. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frederick III., Roman Emperor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  107. ^ Urban, William (2003). Tannenberg and After. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 191. ISBN 0-929700-25-2.
  108. ^ a b Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 139. ISBN 9780722224731. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  109. ^ a b Kiening, Christian (1994). "Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465)" (PDF). Médiévales (in French). 13 (27): 15–24. doi:10.3406/medi.1994.1307.

Sources

edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philip I of Castile.
  • Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas B. (1987). Contemporaries of Erasmus. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2575-3.
  • Campbell, Anna (2016). "Colette of Corbie: Cult and Canonization". In Mueller, Joan; Warren, Nancy Bradley (eds.). A Companion to Colette of Corbie. Vol. 66. Brill.
  • Cauchies, Jean-Marie (2003). Philippe le Beau: le dernier duc de Bourgogne. Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Hutchinson, Robert (2011). Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII. St. Martin's Press.
  • Ingrao, Charles W. (2000). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Sicking, L H J (2004). Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance. Brill.
  • Thiry, Steven (2016). "Chapter 10: Forging Dynasty: The Politics of Dynastic Affinity in Burgundian-Habsburg Birth and Baptism Ceremonial (1430-1505)". In Raeymaekers, Dries; Derks, Sebastiaan (eds.). The Key to Power?: The Culture of Access in Princely Courts, 1400-1750. Brill. pp. 268–295.
  • Winder, Simon (2014). Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
edit
Philip the Handsome
Born: 22 February 1478 Died: 25 September 1506
Regnal titles
Preceded byas sole monarch King of Castile and León
1506
with Joanna I 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Duke of Burgundy,
Brabant,
Limburg, Lothier and Duke of Luxemburg
Margrave of Namur
Count of Artois, Flanders,
Charolais, Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland;
Count Palatine of Burgundy
1482–1506 		Succeeded by
Duke of Guelders;
Count of Zutphen
1482–1492 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_the_Handsome&oldid=1254345573"