Phoebe Wilson Couzins (September 8, 1842 – December 6, 1913)[1] was one of the first female lawyers in the United States. She was the second woman to serve as a licensed attorney in Missouri and the third or fourth to be a licensed attorney in the United States. She was the first woman admitted to the Missouri and Utah bars, and was also admitted to the Kansas and Dakota Territory bars.[2][3] She was the first female appointed to the U.S. Marshal service.[4] After her career in law, she played an active part in the Suffrage movement.
Phoebe Wilson Couzins | |
|---|---|
 Phoebe W. Couzins, ca. 1904 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 8, 1842 St. Louis, Missouri |
| Died | December 6, 1913 (aged 71) St. Louis, Missouri |
| Resting place | Bellefontaine Cemetery |
| Residence | St. Louis, Missouri |
| Alma mater | Washington University in St. Louis |
Early life
editCouzins was born to Adaline and John E.D. Couzins. John Couzins was the chief of police during the Civil War in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1884 he was appointed U.S. marshal of the Eastern District of Missouri by President Chester Arthur. Her mother was active in charity work and volunteered as a nurse. During the American Civil War, both Phoebe and Adaline helped organize the Western Sanitary Commission, which offered medical aid to wounded soldiers in places without hospitals.[3] During St Louis's 1849 cholera epidemic, both Adaline and John lead relief efforts.[5] Adaline also actively contributed to the movement for women's suffrage.[6] Phoebe and Adaline were both members of the St. Louis Woman Suffrage Association, where Phoebe drew attention as a public speaker.
Inspired by Professor John M. Krum, Couzins submitted an application to study law at the new Washington University in St. Louis. Her application was accepted by all sixteen members of the Application board, and her historic acceptance opened the gates for women to study law in Washington University.[3] In 1869, Couzins began her studies at the university's law school, and earned her L.L.B degree in 1871, as one of only nine people in her class. Couzins became the first woman in the United States to graduate from a law school.[7] She was also the first female graduate of Washington University. At her graduation a banquet was held in her honor.[7] Couzins was licensed to practice law in the federal courts, Missouri, Arkansas, Utah, and Kansas. However, she chose a career in public speaking.
Career
editEven prior to beginning her studies, she was the Missouri delegate to the American Equal Rights Association meeting in New York. She established a practice in St. Louis, and was admitted to the bar in four states.[8] Couzins was described as a riveting orator and lectured across the United States. In 1884, she testified before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee on the legal status of women.[9]
In 1884, John Couzins became U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Missouri and he made Phoebe one of his deputies.[7] As his health failed, Phoebe started taking over some of his duties.[10] Upon his death in 1887, Couzins became the first female U.S. Marshal in the country, a position which she held for two months after President Grover Cleveland appointed her interim marshal.[2][11] However, two months later, Phoebe was replaced by a man.[7]
Couzins served as commissioner for Missouri, on the National Board of Charities and Correction.[10] She was also on the St. Louis World's Fair board of directors. She had written a number of books during her time as Marshal, regarding law and governance. In 1882 President Chester A. Arthur considered her for a position on the Utah Territory Commission.[3]
Involvement in the suffrage movement
editDuring the Civil War, Couzins worked for the Ladies Union Aid Society.[12] It was a society consisting of a considerable number of suffragists, including Annie Turner Wittenmyer and Virginia Minor.[13] Perhaps influenced by this, both Phoebe and Adaline joined the St. Louis Women Suffrage Association.[14] Couzins contributed to "The Revolution", a women's suffrage publication.[15] She served as a delegate to the American Equal Rights Convention in 1871, which was attended by Susan B. Anthony.[16] After the convention, she aligned causes with Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to form the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and toured extensively around the country. The Woman Suffrage Association of Missouri merged with the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in 1871, which caused Couzins to resign from the group, as she favored the radical approach of the NWSA.
After the merge, Couzins was outspoken in her support of the NWSA leadership. She believed that the merge spurred the rise of a new type of suffragist- one who was young and wealthy, and was fighting for suffrage for reasons that opposed her own. She also had a job as secretary of the Board of Lady Managers, but attempted to dominate the meetings, and was fired. She sued for reinstatement, but lost.[7] Prior to her appointment to the Board of Lady Managers, she was a founding member of the Chicago women's group, the Queen Isabella Association.[17]
Phoebe later changed positions and renounced woman suffrage and temperance, which was widely publicized in 1897. At this time Couzins herself was battling health conditions and was becoming increasingly weak. She left the suffrage movement in 1897, and joined the United States Brewers' Association, as a lobbyist against prohibition and temperance. It is assumed that she took up the job because her funds were rapidly dwindling.[18] Her choice was taken as an offence by many suffragists, as temperance was always looked upon favorably by the suffrage movement. She lost her job with the Brewers Association in 1908, when she was about sixty-eight. She then returned to St. Louis, unemployed and disabled. She appealed to the federal government for a job and to the Brewers Association for aid. She solicited friends for help, but was not able to garner enough support.[7]
Later years and death
editCouzins died in St. Louis on December 6, 1913, in an unoccupied house at 2722 Pine Street and was mourned by only her brother and a few friends. Her funeral was attended by only six people.[7] She was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery on December 8, 1913, with her U.S marshal star pinned to her chest.[19] At her time of death she was in a state of poverty.[20]
Accolades
edit- In 1950 Couzin's previously unmarked grave received a stone monument, courtesy of the Women's Bar Association of St. Louis.[16]
- In 2000 Susan Frelich Appleton was installed as the inaugural Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins Professor of Law at the Washington University School of Law.[21]
References
edit- ^ "Phoebe Couzins". Missouri Women's Council. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
- ^ a b Tokarz, Karen (2001). "Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins: Among the Nation's First Women Lawyers and Law School Graduates". Washington University Journal of Law & Policy. 6. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Tokarz, Karen (2001). "Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins: Among the Nation's First Women Lawyers and Law School Graduates". Washington University Journal of Law & Policy. 6: 6–8 – via Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship.
- ^ "Phoebe Couzins Dies at 72 – First Woman Lawyer in United States Succumbs in Poverty". The New York Times. December 7, 1913. p. 19. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ "Adaline Couzins, Union Nurse, Wounded at Vicksburg". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 22 June 2014. p. B2. Retrieved 2020-10-02 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Couzins Family Papers" (PDF). Missouri History Archives. February 2006. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g Corbett, Katharine T. (1999). In Her Place: A Guide to St. Louis Women's History. St. Louis, MO: Missouri History Museum.
- ^ "Couzins, Phoebe Wilson (1842–1913) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- ^ "Phoebe Couzins (1839?-1913)". Picture History. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
- ^ a b "Phoebe Couzins". www.libertys-refuge.wustl.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- ^ "Phoebe Wilson Couzins". American National Biography Online. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
- ^ O'Neil, Tim. "A Look Back • Suffragists meet in St. Louis in 1872". STLtoday.com. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ^ "Iowa's Suffrage Scrapbook - 1854-1869 - Iowa Women's Archives - The University of Iowa Libraries". sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ^ Huff, S. W. (January 1869). "Medical Department of the Iowa State University". The Annals of Iowa. 1869 (1): 54–60. doi:10.17077/0003-4827.11633. ISSN 0003-4827.
- ^ ""Gentlemen, I present to you our sister at the bar." | J. Willard Marriott Library Blog". Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ^ a b "Phoebe Wilson Couzins (1842–1913) | Missouri Encyclopedia". missouriencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ^ Weimann, Jeanne Madeline (1981). The Fair Women. Academy Chicago. ISBN 0897330250.
- ^ "Phoebe Couzins". History of American Women. 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ^ "Phoebe Couzins Buried with Badge. (Published 1913)". The New York Times. 1913-12-09. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- ^ "Phoebe Couzins". arch.law.wustl.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ^ Nicholson, Ann. "Appleton first Barkeloo-Couzins professor; New chair honors two pioneering women lawyers". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2014-06-26.