Pholis is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Pholidae, the gunnels. These fishes are found in shallow coastal waters of the North Pacific, Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.
| Pholis | |
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| Rock gunnel (Pholis gunnellus) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Pholidae |
| Genus: | Pholis Scopoli, 1777 |
| Type species | |
| Blennius gunnellus Linnaeus, 1758
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| Synonyms[1] | |
Taxonomy
editPholis was first proposed as a genus in 1777 by the Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. The type species was later designated to be Blennius gunnellus,[1] which Linnaeus had described in 1758 in the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae.[2] The genus is the only genus in the monotypic subfamily Pholinae, one of two subfamilies in the family Pholidae.[3] The genus name Pholis is an Ancient Greek name for a fish that hides in a hole, the name dating at least as far back in history to Aristotle.[4]
Species
editPholis contains 11 species:[5]
- Pholis clemensi Rosenblatt, 1964
- Pholis crassispina (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)
- Pholis fangi (Wang & Wang, 1935)
- Pholis fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Pholis laeta (Cope, 1873)
- Pholis nea Peden & Hughes, 1984
- Pholis nebulosa (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)
- Pholis ornata (Girard, 1854)
- Pholis picta (Kner, 1868)
- Pholis schultzi Schultz, 1931
Characteristics
editPhilos species have the elongate, compressed bodies of other gunnels. They differ on that there is no interorbital pore and that the head lacks scales or has small scales which are only present in larger adults.[6] These fishes vary in maximum published total length varying from 7.9 cm (3.1 in) in P. nea and 31 cm (12 in) in P. picta.[5]
Distribution, habitat and biology
editPholis gunnels are predominantly found in the temperate and boreal wasters of the North Pacific Ocean but P. fasciatus and P. gunnellus are found in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, the only gunnels to occur outside the Pacific Ocean. These fishes are found in rocky areas in the intertidal zone and in the shallow waters below the low tide mark.[7] They feed on invertebrates and fish eggs. They are oviparous, laying eggs in a large mass which is guarded.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Pholidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pholis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (4 July 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Pholis". FishBase. February 2022 version.
- ^ Yatsu, A. (1981). "A revision of the gunnel family Pholididae (Pisces, Blennioidei)". Bulletin of the National Science Museum. Series A (Zoology). 7 (4): 165–190.
- ^ Mecklenburg, C. W. (2003). Family Pholidae Gill 1893 — gunnels (PDF). California Academy of Sciences. Annotated Checklists of Fishes. Vol. 9. ISSN 1545-150X.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pholis gunnellus". FishBase. February 2022 version.