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The Pir Panjal Range (Urdu pronunciation: [piːɾ pənd͡ʒːɑːl] ; Kashmiri pronunciation: [piːr pãːt͡saːl] ) is a range of mountains in the Lower Himalayan region located in the Western Himalayas of northern Indian subcontinent.[1] It runs southeast to northwest between the Beas and Neelam/Kishanganga rivers, in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, with its northwestern end extending into territory administered by Pakistan.[1][2] The Himalayas show a gradual elevation towards the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges. Pir Panjal is the largest and westernmost range of the Lesser Himalayas. Near the bank of the Sutlej River, it dissociates itself from the main Himalayan range and forms a divide between the Beas and Ravi rivers on one side and the Chenab on the other. Further west, the Pir Panjal range forms the southwestern boundary of the Kashmir Valley, separating it from the hills of Jammu region, forming a divide between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.
Etymology
editThe Pir Panjal range is named after the Pir Panjal Pass, whose original name as recorded by Srivara, is Panchaladeva (IAST: Pāñcāladeva, meaning the deity of Panchala). Panchala is a country mentioned in the Mahabharata in the northwest Uttar Pradesh. However, there are also traditions that place the Mahabharata regions in western Punjab and southern Kashmir. Scholar Dineshchandra Sircar has analysed the geography described in the Shakti‐sangama Tantra, where this is indeed the case.[3] Scholar M. A. Stein believes that the concept of deity must have been translated into that of a Pir after the region was Islamised.[4]
Peaks of the range
editDeo Tibba (6,001 m (19,688 ft)) and Indrasan (6,221 m (20,410 ft)) are two important peaks at the eastern end of the mountain range. They can be approached from both the Parvati-Beas Valley (Kulu District), Upper Belt of Chamba Himachal Pradesh and the Chandra (Upper Chenab) Valley (Lahaul and Spiti District) in Himachal Pradesh. The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this range.[5]
Passes
edit
Haji Pir Pass (altitude 2,637 m (8,652 ft)) on the western Pir Panjal range on the road between Poonch and Uri in Indian-administered Kashmir. Despite taking the pass twice in military operations (in 1948 and 1965), India left the pass under Pakistani control.
The Pir Panjal Pass (also called Peer Ki Gali) connects the Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via the Mughal Road. It is the highest point of the Mughal Road at 3,490 m (11,450 ft) and lies to the southwest of the Kashmir Valley.[6] The nearest town to the pass in the Kashmir valley is Shopian.
The Munawar Pass (altitude 3,600 m (11,800 ft)) is a pass north of Peer Ki Gali, overlooking Rajouri.[7]
The Banihal pass (2,832 m (9,291 ft)) lies at the head of the Jhelum River at the southern end of the Kashmir Valley. Banihal and Qazigund lie on either side of the pass.[1]
The Sinthan pass connects the Kashmir valley with Kishtwar in the Jammu region. [citation needed]
The Saach Pass, a 4,414 metres (14,482 ft) mountain pass in the Chamba district connecting Chamba with the Pangi valley of Himachal Pradesh, India.[8]
Rohtang La (altitude 3,978 m (13,051 ft)) is a mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal range connecting Manali in the Kullu Valley to Keylong in the Lahaul Valley. [citation needed]
Tunnels
editJawahar Tunnel
editThe Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain. The Jawahar Tunnel was named after the first Prime Minister of India was constructed in the early 1950s and commissioned in December 1956 to ensure snow-free passage throughout the year. It is at elevation of about 2,100 m (6,900 ft). It was designed for 150 vehicles per day but now used by more than 7,000 vehicles per day.[9] Therefore, a new wider and longer tunnel has been planned at a lower elevation.
Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel
editConstruction of a new 8.45 km (5.25 mi) long twin-tube Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel started in 2011 and was commissioned in 2021. The new tunnel is at a lower elevation than the existing Jawahar tunnel and has reduced the road distance between Banihal and Qazigund by 16 km (9.9 mi). It is also less prone to snow avalanches as it is at a lower elevation.[10]
Atal Tunnel
editThe Atal Tunnel has been built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway. With 8.8 km (5.5 mi) length, the tunnel is the second longest road tunnel in India and has reduced the distance between Manali and Keylong by about 60 km (37 mi). The tunnel is at 3,100 metres (10,171 ft) elevation whereas the Rohtang pass is at 3,978 metres (13,051 ft) elevation. Lying on the Manali-Leh axis, this is one of the two routes to Ladakh.
Banihal Railway Tunnel
editThe Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, an 11.215 kilometres (6.969 mi) railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range in Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Quazigund and Banihal and is a part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla railway project. The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service. It is India's longest railway tunnel.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Pir Panjal Range | Location, Himalayas, & Tunnel | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "Home ministry chalks out plan to settle Kashmiri Pandits". June 2014.
- ^ Sircar, Dineschandra (1971), Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 204–205, ISBN 978-81-208-0690-0
- ^ Stein, M. A. (1900), Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Co., pp. 397–398, ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1
- ^ Pir Panjal Range (mountain system, Asia) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Kapadia, Harish (1999), Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram, Indus Publishing, p. 23, ISBN 978-81-7387-100-9
- ^ "Pir Panjal Range". Tourist Link. 21 April 2013.
- ^ Himachal Tourism"[1]". Himachal Tourism. Accessed 6 December 2019.
- ^ Beacon Light in the Tunnel Archived 1 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Passages of employment to Srinagar's denizens". The Hindu. 8 April 2012.
- ^ "India's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir". The Times of India. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.
Further reading
edit- Jreat, Manoj (2004), Tourism in Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, pp. 15–, ISBN 978-81-7387-157-3
- Minhas, Poonam (1998), Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities, Indus Publishing, pp. 28–, ISBN 978-81-7387-080-4