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Julius Plücker

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Julius Plücker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) was a German mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves.

Julius Plücker
Julius Plücker
Born(1801-06-16)16 June 1801
Elberfeld, Duchy of Berg, Holy Roman Empire
Died22 May 1868(1868-05-22) (aged 66)
Bonn, Kingdom of Prussia
NationalityGerman
Alma materUniversity of Bonn
University of Heidelberg
University of Berlin
University of Paris
University of Marburg
Known for
AwardsCopley Medal (1866)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
Physics
InstitutionsUniversity of Bonn
University of Berlin
University of Halle
Doctoral advisorChristian Ludwig Gerling[1]
Doctoral studentsFelix Klein
August Beer
Johann Hittorf
Friedrich Lange [1]

Biography

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Early years

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Plücker was born at Elberfeld (now part of Wuppertal). After being educated at Düsseldorf and at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin he went to Paris in 1823[2], where he came under the influence of the great school of French geometers, whose founder, Gaspard Monge, had only recently died.

In 1825 he returned to Bonn, and in 1828 was made professor of mathematics.[2]

In the same year he published the first volume of his Analytisch-geometrische Entwicklungen, which introduced the method of "abridged notation".

In 1831 he published the second volume, in which he clearly established on a firm and independent basis projective duality.

Career

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In 1836, Plücker was made professor of physics at University of Bonn. In 1858, after a year of working with vacuum tubes of his Bonn colleague Heinrich Geißler,[3] he published his first classical researches on the action of the magnet on the electric discharge in rarefied gases. He found that the discharge caused a fluorescent glow to form on the glass walls of the vacuum tube, and that the glow could be made to shift by applying an electromagnet to the tube, thus creating a magnetic field.[4] It was later shown that the glow was produced by cathode rays.

Plücker, first by himself and afterwards in conjunction with Johann Hittorf, made many important discoveries in the spectroscopy of gases. He was the first to use the vacuum tube with the capillary part now called a Geissler tube, by means of which the luminous intensity of feeble electric discharges was raised sufficiently to allow of spectroscopic investigation. He anticipated Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in announcing that the lines of the spectrum were characteristic of the chemical substance which emitted them, and in indicating the value of this discovery in chemical analysis. According to Hittorf, he was the first who saw the three lines of the hydrogen spectrum, which a few months after his death, were recognized in the spectrum of the solar protuberances.

In 1865, Plücker returned to the field of geometry and invented what was known as line geometry in the nineteenth century. In projective geometry, Plücker coordinates refer to a set of homogeneous co-ordinates introduced initially to embed the space of lines in projective space   as a quadric in  . The construction uses 2×2 minor determinants, or equivalently the second exterior power of the underlying vector space of dimension 4. It is now part of the theory of Grassmannians   ( -dimensional subspaces of an  -dimensional vector space  ), to which the generalization of these co-ordinates to   minors of the   matrix of homogeneous coordinates, also known as Plücker coordinates, apply. The embedding of the Grassmannian   into the projectivization   of the  th exterior power of   is known as the Plücker embedding.

Bibliography

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Awards

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Plücker was the recipient of the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1866.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Julius Plücker – The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.mathgenealogy.org.
  2. ^ a b Clebsch, Alfred (1872). "Zum Gedächtniss an Julius Plücker". Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. 16. doi:10.11588/heidok.00012662.
  3. ^ John Theodore Merz, A history of European thought in the nineteenth century (2). W. Blackwood and sons, 1912, pp. 189–190.
  4. ^ "Julius Plucker". chemed.chem.purdue.edu.
  5. ^ Scott, Charlotte Angas (1897). "Book Review: Julius Plückers gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 4 (3): 121–126. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1897-00469-4. MR 1557565.
  6. ^ "Julius Plücker – Biography". Maths History.

Bibliography

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  • Born, Heinrich, Die Stadt Elberfeld. Festschrift zur Dreihundert-Feier 1910. J.H. Born, Elberfeld 1910
  • Giermann, Heiko, Stammfolge der Familie Plücker, in: Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, 217. Bd, A. Starke Verlag, Limburg a.d.L. 2004
  • Strutz, Edmund, Die Ahnentafeln der Elberfelder Bürgermeister und Stadtrichter 1708–1808. 2. Auflage, Verlag Degener & Co., Neustadt an der Aisch 1963 ISBN 3-7686-4069-8
  • Gustav Karsten (1888), "Plücker, Julius", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 26, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 321–323
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