Plumalexius is a genus of wasps in the extinct monotypic family Plumalexiidae, containing two species: the type species Plumalexius rasnitsyni,[1] known from the Late Cretaceous White Oaks Pit in Sayreville, New Jersey,[1] and Plumalexius ohmkuhnlei, known from the Cretaceous Burmese amber.[2]
| Plumalexius Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Plumalexius rasnitsyni holotype | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | †Plumalexiidae |
| Genus: | †Plumalexius Brothers, 2011 |
| Type species | |
| Plumalexius rasnitsyni Brothers, 2011
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| Other species | |
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History and classification
editPlumalexius rasnitsyni is known from only two fossils, the holotype, specimen "AMNH no. NJ-695" and the paratype, specimen "AMNH no. NJ-175". The specimens are both fairly complete male specimens which are preserved as inclusions in blocks of heavily fractured yellowish amber. The fossils were recovered in 1995 from outcrops of Turonian age[3][4] strata in the White Oaks Pit, Middlesex County, New Jersey by Paul Nascimbene and subsequently embedded in blocks of epoxy.[1] The type specimens are currently preserved in the paleoentomology collections housed in the American Museum of Natural History, located in Manhattan, New York City, US. The two specimens were examined by Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn, who identified them as belonging to the chrysidoid family Plumariidae. Plumalexius was first fully studied by Denis J. Brothers of the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Brothers 2011 type description of the family, genus, and species was published online and in print in the journal ZooKeys.[1] The generic name was coined by Brothers from a combination of the family name "Plumariidae", in recognition of the original identification of the fossils, and the name "Alexandr" in honor of Alexandr Rasnitsyn. The family name Plumalexiidae is a derivation of genus name, while the etymology of the specific epithet rasnitsyni is a derivation of Alexandr Rasnitsyn's last name.[1]
Based on the phylogenetic analysis that were run by Brothers Plumalexius is a basal genus in the evolution of the family Plumariidae, however the genus does not display the apomorphies that are key for Plumariidae. Due to the lack of shared apomorphies between Plumariidae and Plumalexius Brothers erected a separate family for Plumalexius.[1]
Description
editThe Plumalexius specimens are both well-preserved mostly complete adult males. The overall length as preserved for the larger male is 2.37 millimetres (0.093 in), with approximately 1.47 millimetres (0.058 in) fore-wings and 1.17 millimetres (0.046 in) hind-wings.[1] The overall coloration of the males is a uniform yellowish to reddish tone, with the wing veins bring a slightly darker tone.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Brothers, Denis J. (2011). "A new Late Cretaceous family of Hymenoptera, and phylogeny of the Plumariidae and Chrysidoidea (Aculeata)" (PDF). ZooKeys (130): 515–542. Bibcode:2011ZooK..130..515B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1591. PMC 3260779. PMID 22259297.
- ^ Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J. (2020). "The first plumalexiid wasp (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea, Plumalexiidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Cretaceous Research. 115: Article 104568. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11504568R. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104568. S2CID 225629077.
- ^ Hibbett DS, Grimaldi DS, Donoghue MJ (1997). "Fossil mushrooms from Miocene and Cretaceous ambers and the evolution of Homobasidiomycetes". American Journal of Botany. 84 (8): 981–991. doi:10.2307/2446289. JSTOR 2446289.
- ^ Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A. (2005). "Primitive New Ants in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". American Museum Novitates (3485): 1–24. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)485[0001:PNAICA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84043939.