Poitín (Irish pronunciation: [ˈpˠɛtʲiːnʲ]), anglicized as poteen (/pəˈt(ʃ)iːn, pɒˈtiːn/) or potcheen, is a traditional Irish distilled beverage (40–90% ABV).[2] Former common names for Poitín were "Irish moonshine" and "mountain dew".[3] It was traditionally distilled in a small pot still and the term is a diminutive of the Irish word pota, meaning "pot". In accordance with the Irish Poteen/Irish Poitín technical file, it can be made only from cereals, grain, whey, sugar beet, molasses and potatoes.[4]
 Bottles of legally produced poitín | |
| Type | Distilled beverage |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Ireland |
| Alcohol by volume | variable, 40–90% |
| Proof (US) | variable, 80°–180° |
| Colour | Colourless |
| Flavour | burning, grainy, oily, toffee[1] |
| Ingredients | oats, water (optional: whey, grain, sugar beet, molasses, potatoes, sugar) |
| Related products | potato vodka, Irish whiskey |
Legal status
editAt the parliament at Drogheda in 1556, a requirement for a licence to distill spirits was introduced.[5][6]
Today in Ireland there are a number of commercially produced spirits labelled as poitín, poteen or potcheen. In 2008, Irish poitín was accorded (GI) Geographical Indicative Status by the EU Council and Parliament.[7]
In 2015, in consultation with producers and stakeholders, the Irish Government adopted the Geographical Indication technical file for poitín, outlining the production methods that must be used in order for a spirit to be called Irish Poitín. Topics covered included allowable base materials, distillation method, use of flavourings/infusions and limited storage in casks.[4]
However, the notion of "legal poitín" has been viewed as an oxymoron by some, one writer observing, "If you see a product labelled 'poteen' in an airport or a bar, it's simply a white duty-paid Irish schnapps. By definition, poteen is illegal and can't be sold."[8]
Poitín was also produced in the growing Irish diaspora in the 19th century, particularly in any of the New York City neighbourhoods dubbed "Irishtown".[9]
Production
edit
Poitín was generally produced in remote rural areas, away from the interference of the law. A mash was created and fermented before the distillation began. Stills were often set up on land boundaries so the issue of ownership could be disputed. Before the introduction of bottled gas, the fire to heat the mash was provided by turf. Smoke was a giveaway for the police, so windy, broken weather was chosen to disperse the smoke. The still was heated and attended to for several days to allow the runs to go through.
The old style of poitín distilling was from a malted barley base for the mash, the same as single malt whiskey or pure pot still whiskey distilled in Ireland. The word poitín stems from the Irish word "pota" for pot; this refers to the small copper pot still used by poitín distillers.[10]
Because poitín was covertly home-distilled for centuries, there is no formal recipe for it.[11]
In more recent times, some distillers deviated from using malted barley as a base of the mash bill due to the cost and availability instead switching to using treacle, corn and potatoes. It is believed this switch led to the deteriorating quality and character of poitín in the late 20th century.[12][unreliable source?]
The quality of poitín was highly variable, depending on the skill of the distiller and the quality of their equipment. Reputations were built on the quality of the distiller's poitín, and many families became known for their distilling expertise, where a bad batch could put a distiller out of business overnight.[12][13] It has been claimed that the drink can cause blindness,[14] but this is more likely due to methanol adulteration than to lack of quality.[15]
Literature, film and traditional music
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2020) |
Poitín is a trope in Irish poetry and prose of the nineteenth century. The Irish critic Sinéad Sturgeon has demonstrated how the illegality of the substance became a crucial theme running through the writings of Maria Edgeworth and William Carleton.[16] Many characters in the work of contemporary Irish playwright Martin McDonagh consume or refer to poitín, most notably the brothers in The Lonesome West. In the Saga of Darren Shan book The Lake of Souls the character Spits Abrams brews his own poitín. In Frank McCourt's book 'Tis, he recalls his mother Angela telling him that when his brother Malachy visited her in Limerick, he obtained poitín in the countryside and drank it with her.
Some traditional Irish folk songs, such as The Hills of Connemara and The Rare Old Mountain Dew, deal with the subject of poitín. The folk song "Tinkers' Potcheen" by Seamus Moore recounts the way in which the practice of producing poitín is passed down through families. The persecution of the poitín-maker by the Royal Irish Constabulary in 1880s Cavan is treated in The Hackler from Grouse Hall and its reply The Sergent's Lamentation. In the first song, an overzealous sergeant pursued an ageing hackler with a fondness for poitín.[17][verification needed]
The 1959 film Darby O'Gill and the Little People features Darby splitting a jug of poitín with the King of the leprechauns as the two engage in a drinking game.
Poitín was the titular subject matter of the 1978 film Poitín which was the first feature film entirely in Irish.
Poitín was consumed by main character Nucky Thompson, in season 4, episode 6 of Boardwalk Empire.
Poitin is introduced in Guy Ritchie's 2024 Netflix series The Gentleman in episode five. In a scene between the character JP Ward, the head of the Travelers, and the characters of Duke Edward Halstead and Susie Glass, it is dispensed and shared during a discussion at the Duke's residence.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Poteens / poitins". www.diffordsguide.com.
- ^ McGuffin, John (1978). In Praise of Poteen. Belfast: Appletree Press. ISBN 0-904651-36-3.
- ^ "Poteens / Poitins".
- ^ a b "FILE SETTING OUT THE SPECIFICATIONS WITH WHICH IRISH POTEEN/IRISH POITÍN MUST COMPLY" (PDF). Food Industry Development Division. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. February 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Boyle, Judith (20 June 2023). "A short history of Irish Poitín". RTÉ Brainstorm. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ Patrick Given (August 2011). "Calico to Whiskey: A Case Study on the Development of the Distilling Industry in the Naas Revenue Collection District, 1700–1921" (PDF). Maynooth University. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of geographical indications of spirit drinks and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89 (consolidated text)
- ^ MacLean, Charles, ed. (1 May 2008). Whisky. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9781405336246 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Kings of the Moonshiners; Illicit Distillers Who Ruled in 'Irishtown'". The New York Times. 18 March 1894. p. 16.
- ^ In Praise of Poitín by John McGuffin
- ^ "A Lesson in Poitín, Ireland's Moonshine". Hook & Barrel Magazine. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ a b TG4 Documentary on Poitín Distilling
- ^ Irish Independent Saturday, 24 November 1984 Page: 6 "Two deaths from poitín – inquest told"
- ^ "Poitín may occupy 'a special place' but it is not safe". The Irish Times. 17 June 2004. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ "FYI: Can Drinking Moonshine Really Make Me Go Blind?". Australian Popular Science. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ^ Sinead Sturgeon. "The Politics of Poitín: Maria Edgeworth, William Carleton, and the Battle for the Spirit of Ireland". Irish Studies Review. 15 (1).
- ^ Frank Brennan at Laragh Gathering, July 2013
External links
edit
- Detailed list of the types of Poteen
- What is Poitín? Archived 18 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine