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Polk County, Florida

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Polk County (/poʊk/) is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. The county population was 725,046, as of the 2020 census, and estimated to be 818,330, as of July 1, 2023.[1] Its county seat is Bartow,[2] and its largest city is Lakeland. Polk County comprises the Lakeland–Winter Haven metropolitan statistical area (MSA).[3] This MSA is the 77th-most populous one and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.[4][5] The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County, near the city of Lake Wales.[6] Polk County is home to one public university, one state college, and four private universities.

Polk County
County
Polk County courthouse in Bartow
Polk County courthouse in Bartow
Flag of Polk County
Flag
Official seal of Polk County
Seal
Official logo of Polk County
Logo
Map of Florida highlighting Polk County
Location within the U.S. state of Florida
Map of the United States highlighting Florida
Florida's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 27°58′N 81°42′W / 27.96°N 81.7°W / 27.96; -81.7
Country United States
State Florida
FoundedFebruary 8, 1861
Named forJames K. Polk
SeatBartow
Largest cityLakeland
Area
 • Total
2,011 sq mi (5,210 km2)
 • Land1,798 sq mi (4,660 km2)
 • Water213 sq mi (550 km2)  10.6%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
725,046
 • Estimate 
(2023)
818,330 Increase
 • Density360/sq mi (140/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Area code863
Congressional districts11th, 15th, 18th
Websitewww.polk-county.net

History

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U.S. President James Knox Polk, namesake of the county

Early history

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The first people to inhabit the area now called Polk County were the Paleoindians who arrived in Florida at least 12,000 years ago, late in the last ice age. With large amounts of water locked up in continental ice caps, the sea level was more than 150 feet (46 m) lower than at present. The Florida peninsula was twice as wide as it is today, and Florida was cooler and much drier, with few, if any, flowing rivers. Both animals and humans were dependent on scattered water holes, such as sinkholes, deep holes in otherwise dry river beds, and rain-fed lakes perched on impervious clay. Most Paleoindian campsites found in Florida have been found at water holes. The largest collection of late (more than 9,500 years ago) Paleoindian microlithic tools known from Florida were found in Lake Weohyakapka, near Nalcrest in Polk County.[7]

As sea levels rose and Florida became warmer and wetter, the Paleoindian period was followed by the Archaic period, which ended 2,500 to 3,000 years ago, with the emergence of recognizable archaeological cultures in Florida. In eastern Polk County, the Kissimmee River valley was occupied by people of the Belle Glade culture, which persisted from about 3,000 years ago until the collapse of the Native American population in Florida after 1700. Native American people in western Polk County were part of, or influenced by, the Manasota culture, which flourished from 2,500 years ago until around 800 AD, when it was replaced by the Safety Harbor culture, from circa 800 until after 1700. The Peace River valley may have hosted a distinct culture during the Safety Harbor period.[8][9]

In 1539, Ponce De Leon sent a detachment (between 80 and 180 men) of his expedition from his landing place on Tampa Bay across northern Polk County to visit Urriparacoxi, a powerful chief based in southern Lake County or eastern Orange County.[10] For the next 280 years, the Spanish (and, between 1763 and 1783, the British) ruled Florida, but did not venture into the interior of the Florida peninsula south of the Oklawaha River valley (Acuera Province). The indigenous peoples of the Florida peninsula declined in numbers, and the people who became known as the Seminole moved into central Florida.

United States control

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Main article: History of Florida § Territory and Statehood

In 1821, Florida became a U.S. territory as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty. In 1823, the Treaty of Moultrie Creek created a reservation in central Florida for the Seminoles and other Native Americans in Florida. What is now Polk County was within the boundaries of that reservation. An attempt to remove all Native Americans in Florida to west of the Mississippi River, starting in 1832, led to the Second Seminole War. Most of the fighting in the early years of the war occurred north of Polk County. By 1837, the Seminoles were being pushed south, and late that year, Colonel Zachary Taylor, as part of a coordinated push against the Seminoles, led a column east from Fort Brooke (today's Tampa) into what is now Polk County, and then south between the Kissimmee and Peace River valleys, culminating in the Battle of Lake Okeechobee.[11] By 1843 the few Seminoles remaining in Florida were confined to an informal reservation in southern Florida.[12]

While Florida gained statehood in 1845, Polk County was not created until a month after Florida had seceded from the Union. It was formed from the eastern part of Hillsborough County and named in honor of former US President James K. Polk,[13] who had been popular with Southerners for supporting the expansion of slavery[14] and whose 1845 inauguration was on the day after Florida became a state.[14][15]

Following the Civil War, the county commission established the county seat on 120 acres (0.49 km2) donated in the central part of the county. Bartow, the county seat, was named after Francis S. Bartow, a Confederate colonel from Georgia who was the first Confederate brigade commander to die in battle. Colonel Bartow was buried in Savannah, Georgia, with military honors, and promoted posthumously to the rank of brigadier general. The original name of the town was Fort Blount. Several other towns and counties in the South changed their names to Bartow to honor the brigade commander. The first courthouse built in Bartow was constructed in 1867.[citation needed] It was replaced twice, in 1884 and in 1908. As the third courthouse to stand on the site, the present structure houses the Polk County Historical Museum and Genealogical Library. After the Civil War, some 400 Confederate veterans settled here with families before the end of the century.[citation needed]

Post-Reconstruction era to World War II

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In the post-Reconstruction period, black railway workers were among the first African Americans to settle in Polk County, in 1883 south of Lake Wire. The following year, they founded St. John's Baptist Church, which also served as the first school for freedmen's children. Other workers arrived for jobs in the phosphate industry. This area became the center of a predominately African-American community later known as Moorehead, after Rev. H.K. Moorehead, called to St. John's in 1906. The community developed its own businesses, professional class, and cultural institutions. Its students had to go to other cities for high school until 1928, when the first upper school to serve blacks was established here.[16]

White violence rose against blacks in the late 19th century in a regionwide effort to establish and maintain white supremacy as Southern states disenfranchised most blacks and imposed Jim Crow. Whites lynched 20 African Americans in Polk County from 1895 to 1921;[17] Three black men, whose names were not recorded, were murdered in a mass lynching on May 25, 1895, accused of rape. While others were killed for alleged crimes (never proven), one black man was lynched for supposedly insulting a white woman. The man, Henry Scott, was a porter on a train from Lakeland to Bartow. While he was preparing a berth for one woman on May 20, 1920, another white woman became angry that he made her wait. She sent a telegram to the next station where he was met by a sheriff, arrested, and then turned over to a mob that shot him 40-50 times.[18] Columbia County also had 20 such lynching murders; these two counties had the second-highest total of lynchings of African Americans of any county in the state.[citation needed]

In the first few decades of the 1900s, thousands of acres of land around Bartow were purchased by the phosphate industry. The county seat became the hub of the largest phosphate industry in the United States, attracting both immigrants and African-American and white workers from rural areas.[19]

Polk County was the leading citrus county in the United States for much of the 20th century, and even the county seat Bartow has had several large groves. In 1941, the city built an airport northeast of town in the county.[20] The airport was taken over by the federal government during World War II and was the training location for many Army Air Corps pilots during the war. The airport was returned to the city in 1967 and renamed as Bartow Municipal Airport.[20]

Mid-20th century to present

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In the 20th century, the Ku Klux Klan revived and was active in Polk County, even after World War II. Klansmen were photographed in hoods and robes in 1958 in a church in Mulberry. During the 1960s, violence related to civil-rights movement was attributed to the Klan. In 1967, a white man shot and severely wounded a popular African-American high-school football player who was integrating Lake Ariana Beach.[17] A Klan group marched in Lakeland in full regalia in 1979, their last public march by the Confederate monument in Munn Park.[17]

Fred Rochelle, 16, was burned alive in a public spectacle lynching before thousands in Polk County, Florida, in 1901.[21]

Since the late 20th century, growth in Polk County has been driven by its proximity to both the Tampa and Orlando metropolitan areas along the Interstate 4 corridor. Recent growth has been heaviest in Lakeland (closest to Tampa) and the northeast areas near Haines City (nearest to Orlando). From 1990 to 2000, unincorporated areas grew 25%, while incorporated areas grew only 11%. In addition to cottage communities that have developed for commuters, Haines City has suburban sprawl into unincorporated areas. Despite the impressive growth rate, the unemployment rate of Polk has typically been higher than that of the entire state.[22] For example, in August 2010, the county had an unemployment rate of 13.4%, compared to 11.7% for the entire state.[22]

During the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, three hurricanes, Charley, Frances, and Jeanne, all tracked over Polk County, intersecting in a triangle that includes the city of Bartow.[23]

Winter Haven was best known as the home of the Cypress Gardens theme park, which operated from 1936 to September 23, 2009.[24] Legoland Florida has since been built on the site of former Cypress Gardens, and has preserved the botanical garden section. Winter Haven was the location of the first Publix supermarket circa 1930; today, Publix's corporate offices are located in Lakeland.

In 2018, the Lakeland City Commission voted to move the Confederate monument from Munn Park, where it was installed in 1910, to Veterans Memorial Park. What is now Veterans Memorial Park was first settled in 1883 as the community of Moorehead, the original African-American community in the area. Owners were bought out in 1967 by eminent domain for county civic development of a conference center and the later Veterans Memorial Park. Some members of the black community have objected to the Confederate monument being relocated to the site of what had been their historic community in Lakeland, saying it would be more appropriate to be located in the cemetery with numerous Confederate graves.[16]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,011 square miles (5,210 km2), of which 213 square miles (550 km2) (10.6%) are covered by water.[25] It is the fourth-largest county in Florida by land area and fifth-largest by total area.

Polk County is within the Central Florida Highlands area of the Atlantic coastal plain, with a terrain consisting of flatland interspersed with gently rolling hills. Part of the Lake Wales Ridge runs through eastern Polk County, which is known for its rolling hills with unique wildlife and plants. The highest elevation in the county is Crooked Lake Sandhill at 305 feet, with the second-highest being Iron Mountain, the location of Bok Tower at 295 feet above sea level. Several artificial raised phosphate tailings ponds in the center of the county rise up to 375 feet.

Adjacent counties

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In addition, at its northeast corner, Polk County touches Orange County at a quadripoint called Four Corners, Florida; Lake and Osceola Counties lie between.

Climate

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Polk County, like most of Florida, has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). It lies in the USDA plant hardiness zone 9b, where the average annual minimum temperature is 25–30 °F (−4 – −1 °C).[26] The last measurable snow in the county fell in 1977, but snow flurries and sleet fell on January 8, 2010, over the course of an hour on an exceptionally cold day.[27]

During the summer rainy season from June to September, sea breezes from both coasts move inland, where the moist air is heated and rises to form thunderstorms. On many days, the sea-breeze thunderstorms from both coasts move inland, colliding in Polk County to form especially strong thunderstorms.[28]: 589  Polk County is located in the middle of "lightning alley", which has more lightning annually than any region in the United States. Largely due to its size, the county receives the overall highest number of lightning strikes in the area.[28]: 590–591 

The Green Swamp is prone to fog in winter. In the predawn hours of January 8, 2008, smoke from a prescribed burn contributed to especially dense fog on Interstate 4 that caused a major pileup involving 70 vehicles in 10 separate crashes that resulted in five deaths.[29]

Climate data for Lakeland (LAL), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1948–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 87
(31) 		90
(32) 		92
(33) 		95
(35) 		103
(39) 		105
(41) 		102
(39) 		100
(38) 		98
(37) 		96
(36) 		93
(34) 		87
(31) 		105
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 73.6
(23.1) 		76.9
(24.9) 		81.0
(27.2) 		85.7
(29.8) 		90.7
(32.6) 		93.2
(34.0) 		93.9
(34.4) 		94.2
(34.6) 		91.7
(33.2) 		86.6
(30.3) 		79.9
(26.6) 		74.5
(23.6) 		85.2
(29.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 50.2
(10.1) 		52.5
(11.4) 		56.2
(13.4) 		60.0
(15.6) 		66.5
(19.2) 		71.7
(22.1) 		72.8
(22.7) 		73.1
(22.8) 		72.1
(22.3) 		66.0
(18.9) 		58.5
(14.7) 		52.3
(11.3) 		62.7
(17.1)
Record low °F (°C) 20
(−7) 		27
(−3) 		25
(−4) 		35
(2) 		47
(8) 		56
(13) 		64
(18) 		63
(17) 		62
(17) 		42
(6) 		28
(−2) 		20
(−7) 		20
(−7)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.59
(66) 		2.67
(68) 		3.68
(93) 		2.54
(65) 		3.19
(81) 		8.74
(222) 		7.88
(200) 		7.51
(191) 		6.10
(155) 		2.60
(66) 		1.79
(45) 		2.88
(73) 		52.17
(1,325)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.8 7.4 7.8 6.4 7.5 14.4 17.1 16.8 12.4 6.9 6.4 5.9 116.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 203.2 209.4 258.2 302.1 306.7 255.8 255.4 248.9 226.5 239.9 213.4 203.5 2,923
Source: [30]

Tropical cyclones

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Maximum recorded wind gusts during Hurricane Irma (in mph)
 
Wind field of Hurricane Charley

The eyes of 12 hurricanes have passed through the county at hurricane strength in recorded history, including Hurricane Irma (2017, category 1), Hurricane Jeanne (2004, category 1), Hurricane Charley (2004, category 2), Hurricane Donna (1960, category 2), Hurricane King (1950, category 1), the 1949 Florida hurricane (category 2), the 1945 Homestead hurricane (category 1), the 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane (category 1), the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane (category 2), Hurricane Four of the 1894 season (category 1), and Hurricane Three of the 1871 season, and Hurricane Eight of the 1859 season (category 1).[31] Additionally, four storms were downgraded from hurricane strength at a location outside the county to tropical storm force at some point within the county and, given the hours between National Hurricane Center updates (modern era) or earlier estimates, it is not clear whether these brought hurricane-force sustained winds to Polk County: Hurricane Frances (2004), Hurricane Erin (1995) Hurricane Two of the 1939 season, and the 1910 Cuba hurricane (category 1).[31] Numerous tropical storms have passed through the county.[31]

Hurricane Charley in 2004—the first of three hurricanes to hit the county in six weeks—is the strongest storm in recent history to pass through the county, mainly impacting the eastern half of the county. The Lake Wales Fire Department recorded an unofficial maximum wind speed of 95 mph (153 km/h) sustained and a gust of 101 mph (163 km/h).[32] The hurricane entered the county south of Fort Meade, shortly after it passed Wauchula (in Hardee County), where a maximum wind gust of 109 mph (175 km/h) was recorded by emergency management officials.[33] The hurricane-force wind field was relatively narrow, with the most intense wind damage being within 10 mi (16 km) of the center of the eye.[34] For example, maximum recorded winds were only 41 kn (76 km/h; 47 mph) sustained and a gust of 54 kn (100 km/h; 62 mph) at Gilbert Airport on the northwest side of the city.[35]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18703,169—
18803,1810.4%
18907,905148.5%
190012,472[36]57.8%
191024,148[36]93.6%
192038,661[36]60.1%
193072,291[36]87.0%
194086,665[36]19.9%
1950123,997[36]43.1%
1960195,139[36]57.4%
1970227,222[36]16.4%
1980321,652[36]41.6%
1990405,382[37][36]26.0%
2000483,924[37]19.4%
2010602,095[1]24.4%
2020725,048[38]20.4%
2023 (est.)818,330[38]12.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[39][failed verification]
1790–1960[40] 1900–1990

2020 Census

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Polk County racial composition
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Pop 2010[43] Pop 2020[44] % 2010 % 2020
White (NH) 388,769 392,621 64.57% 54.15%
Black or African American (NH) 85,336 100,950 14.17% 13.92%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 1,658 1,623 0.28% 0.22%
Asian (NH) 9,567 13,181 1.59% 1.82%
Pacific Islander (NH) 238 300 0.04% 0.04%
Some other race (NH) 1,083 3,684 0.18% 0.51%
Mixed/multiracial (NH) 8,912 24,992 1.48% 3.45%
Hispanic or Latino 106,532 187,695 17.69% 25.89%
Total 602,095 725,046 100% 100%

As of the 2020 United States census, 725,046 people, 240,879 households, and 165,183 families were residing in the county.

2010 Census

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U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Ethnic/Race Demographics:[45][46]

In 2010, the largest ancestry groups were: 12.2% German, 11.6% American, 11.2% English, 10.8% Irish, 7.6% Mexican, 5.8% Puerto Rican, 4.1% Italian, 2.6% French, 2.1% Polish, 2.0% Scotch-Irish, 1.8% Scottish, 1.5% Dutch, and 1.2% Cuban.[45]

Of the227,485 households, 27.3% had children under 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were not families. About 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% (3.4% male and 7.6% female) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.05.[46][47]

In the county, the age distribution was 23.5% under 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 or older. The median age was 39.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.[47]

The median income for a household in the county was $43,946, and for a family was $51,395. Males had a median income of $37,768 versus $30,655 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,881. About 11.5% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those aged 65 or over.[48]

In 2010, 10.7% of the county's population was foreign-born, with 37.8% being naturalized American citizens. Of foreign-born residents, 70.4% were born in Latin America, 11.5% Europe, 10.2% Asia, 4.9% North America, 2.6% Africa, and 0.4% were born in Oceania.[45]

2000 Census

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As of the census of 2000, 483,924 people, 187,233 households, and 132,373 families resided in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100 people/km2). The 226,376 housing units had an average density of 121 per square mile (47/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 79.58% White (74.6% were Non-Hispanic White),[49] 13.54% Black or African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.93% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.82% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. About 9.49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2000, only 37% of county residents lived in incorporated metropolitan areas.[50]

Of the 187,233 households, 29.0% had children under 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were not families; 24.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.10% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.52, and the average family size was 2.96.

In the county, the age distribution was 24.4% under 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,036, and for a family was $41,442. Males had a median income of $31,396, versus $22,406 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,302. 12.90% of the population and 9.40% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 19.1% were under 18 and 8.1% were 65 or older.

Languages

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As of 2010, 81.80% of all residents spoke English as their first language, while 14.34% spoke Spanish, 0.70% French Creole (mostly Haitian Creole,) and 0.51% of the population spoke French as their mother language.[51] In total, 18.20% of the population spoke languages other than English as their primary language.[51]

Economy

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Polk County's economy is supported by a workforce of over 275,000 in 2010.[52] Traditionally, the largest industries in Polk County's economy have been phosphate mining, agriculture, and tourism.[19]

Notable companies headquartered in Polk County include Publix (an employee-owned grocery chain) and Florida's Natural (an agricultural cooperative).

Top employers

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The top employers of Polk County are as follows:[53]

  1. Polk County Public Schools (13,000)
  2. Publix (11,721)
  3. Lakeland Regional Health (5,605)
  4. Walmart (5,100)
  5. City of Lakeland (2,300)
  6. GEICO (2,222)
  7. Polk County Board of County Commissioners (2,200)
  8. Winter Haven Hospital (2,079)
  9. Polk County Sheriff's Office (1,955)
  10. Watson Clinic (1,851)
  11. Southeastern University (1,557)
  12. Legoland Florida (1,500)
  13. The Mosaic Company (1,380)
  14. Sykes (1,150)
  15. State Farm Insurance (1,000)
  16. Amazon (1,000)
  17. GC Services (1,000)
  18. Polk State College (932)
  19. Rooms to Go (900)
  20. Florida's Natural Growers (645)
  21. CSX Transportation (599)
Employers and statistic last updated April 23, 2018

Sports

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Polk County is home to professional baseball and basketball teams and boasts a rich history of collegiate sports competition at a number of its institutions of higher learning, including perennial NCAA Division II national championship contender and titleholder (in multiple sports), Florida Southern College.

Professional baseball, especially major league spring training, was historically a major generator of tourist traffic for Polk County. Today, however, only the Detroit Tigers remain for spring training. Additionally, the Single-A Lakeland Flying Tigers play in Joker Marchant Stadium after spring training.[54][55]

Professional basketball made its debut in 2017 when the Lakeland Magic took the court in its home venue, RP Funding Center. The team is the NBA G League developmental affiliate of the NBA's Orlando Magic. In 2023, the team relocated from Polk County to Osceola County.[56]

College sports are also popular in Polk County. The Florida Southern Moccasins play in NCAA Division II in the Sunshine State Conference. The Southeastern Fire play in NAIA Sun Conference.[57]

Government and politics

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The executive and legislative powers of the county are vested in the five-member board of county commissioners. While the county is divided into five separate districts, each commissioner is elected at-large, countywide,[58] requiring them to gain majority support. Each term lasts for four years, with odd-numbered districts holding elections in presidential election years, and even-numbered districts holding elections two years later. Like all elected officials in the state,[citation needed] county commissioners are subject to recall. The commissioners elect a chairman and vice-chairman annually. The chairman selects the chairs of each committee, who work with the county manager to establish the policies of the board. The commission meets twice a month- generally every other Tuesday. Additional meetings take place as needed, but must be announced per the Florida sunshine laws.[58]

Among the most important duties of the county commission is levying taxes and appropriations. The ad valorem millage rate levied by the county for county government purposes is 6.8665.[52] The commission is responsible for providing appropriations for other countywide offices including the sheriff, property appraiser, tax collector, and supervisor of elections.[citation needed] The county and circuit court systems are also partially supported by the county budget, including the state attorneys and public defenders. A portion of the county's budget is dedicated to providing municipal-level services and regulations to unincorporated areas, such as zoning, business codes, and fire protection. Other services benefit both those in municipalities and in unincorporated Polk County, such as those that provide recreational and cultural opportunities.[citation needed]

The current Sheriff of Polk County is Grady Judd.[59]

Party registration

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As of November 30, 2023.[60]

Party Number of registered voters Percentage
Republican 172,953 40.16%
Democratic 132,013 30.65%
No Party Affiliation 115,059 26.72%
Minor parties 10,583 2.46%
Total 430,611 100%
United States presidential election results for Polk County, Florida[61]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 209,044 59.71% 136,879 39.10% 4,191 1.20%
2020 194,586 56.56% 145,049 42.16% 4,391 1.28%
2016 157,430 54.86% 117,433 40.92% 12,106 4.22%
2012 131,577 52.75% 114,622 45.95% 3,243 1.30%
2008 128,878 52.45% 113,865 46.34% 2,961 1.21%
2004 123,559 58.61% 86,009 40.80% 1,262 0.60%
2000 90,310 53.56% 75,207 44.60% 3,112 1.85%
1996 67,962 45.26% 66,747 44.45% 15,464 10.30%
1992 65,963 45.21% 51,450 35.26% 28,487 19.53%
1988 77,104 66.45% 38,249 32.96% 687 0.59%
1984 84,246 70.33% 35,516 29.65% 22 0.02%
1980 59,651 56.11% 43,327 40.75% 3,337 3.14%
1976 44,238 47.72% 47,286 51.01% 1,182 1.27%
1972 60,748 78.42% 16,419 21.20% 293 0.38%
1968 27,839 36.98% 15,898 21.12% 31,540 41.90%
1964 35,906 55.02% 29,355 44.98% 0 0.00%
1960 31,618 57.32% 23,546 42.68% 0 0.00%
1956 23,682 55.98% 18,626 44.02% 0 0.00%
1952 20,874 51.63% 19,556 48.37% 0 0.00%
1948 7,692 33.60% 12,034 52.57% 3,166 13.83%
1944 5,150 28.14% 13,152 71.86% 0 0.00%
1940 5,564 23.93% 17,690 76.07% 0 0.00%
1936 4,164 28.51% 10,441 71.49% 0 0.00%
1932 3,490 26.94% 9,463 73.06% 0 0.00%
1928 7,460 60.23% 4,576 36.94% 350 2.83%
1924 1,530 28.89% 3,070 57.97% 696 13.14%
1920 1,782 29.95% 3,918 65.86% 249 4.19%
1916 578 17.10% 2,574 76.13% 229 6.77%
1912 106 4.98% 1,520 71.43% 502 23.59%
1908 290 16.14% 1,251 69.62% 256 14.25%
1904 125 11.72% 869 81.44% 73 6.84%
1900 133 10.77% 983 79.60% 119 9.64%
1896 279 18.42% 1,155 76.24% 81 5.35%
1892 0 0.00% 869 81.90% 192 18.10%

Education

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Polk County Public Schools serves the county.

Universities and colleges

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State University System of Florida (public)

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Florida College System (Public)

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Private institutions

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Library cooperative

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Coordinator of Library Co-Op discusses outreach services provided by the public library system.

The Polk County Library Cooperative was formed October 1, 1997, through an interlocal agreement between the 13 municipalities with public libraries and the board of county commissioners.[62] The cooperative enables the city-owned and -operated public libraries to open their doors to all residents of the county, including those in the unincorporated areas.[63]

Interlibrary Loan

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Interlibrary Loan (ILL) offers library patrons the opportunity to request and receive books that are not owned by the Winter Haven Public Library. Through ILL, not only do patrons have access to the circulating book collections of all the library systems in Polk County, but also all of the library systems in Florida, as well as universities and public library systems throughout the United States.[64]

Cooperative member libraries

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Services

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  • Provides the structure for members to give seamless countywide library services[63]
  • Coordinates activities, information and funding for member libraries[63]
  • Facilitates Interlibrary Loans[63]
  • Delivers materials between member libraries five days a week[63]
  • Operates a Wide Area Network linking all member libraries to shared resources and services[63]
  • Provides e-mail to and designs/houses web pages for members[63]
  • Manages e-rate program for members[63]
  • Synchronizes continuing education and staff development opportunities for members[63]

Polk County Historical and Genealogical Library

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History

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Polk County History Center where the Genealogical Library is located.

The Polk County Historical and Genealogical Library was established in 1937, and opened to the public in January 1940. The library was first located in the office of the county attorney and its holdings were all housed in a metal bookcase. Since then, the library has been housed in several different locations within the old Polk County Courthouse. In 1968, the library hired its first full-time employee. By 1974, the library added a second employee and was moved to a new location on Hendry Street. In 1987, the library relocated back to the 1908 Courthouse.

It was renovated during a 10-year process that included expansion to take over and adapt all three floors of the eastern wing of the courthouse. As of 2013, the library is located in the east wing of the historical courthouse in Bartow. It is governed by the Polk County Board of County Commissioners and administered by the Neighborhood Services Department and the Leisure Services Division. The library holds one of the largest genealogical and historical collections in the Southeastern United States.[65]

Collections and services

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The Polk County Historical and Genealogical Library holds more than 40,000 items in its collection, which includes books, microfilm, and periodicals with information about the history and genealogy of the entire Eastern United States. The selection of materials related to the history of Polk County contains local newspapers dated back to 1881, aerial photography to 1938, city directories to 1925 and property tax rolls to 1882. Four full-time staff members are available for assistance at the library. The library also offers local obituary searches and basic looks-ups via email.[66]

[67]

Sites of interest

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Media

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Polk is part of the Tampa Bay media market.[68]

Newspapers

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Radio

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Callsign City Format
WLLD Lakeland Rhythmic contemporary
WLKF News Talk Information
WPCV Country music
WSEU Contemporary Christian music, sports
WWBF Bartow Classic hits music and Bartow High School sports
WLVF Haines City Southern gospel music

Television

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  • WMOR-TV (licensed to Lakeland, with studios in Tampa)

Transportation

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Airports

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Highways

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  • Limited Access Highways
    •   I-4 (Interstate 4) – This interstate highway cuts across the northern part of the county, entering from Tampa and Plant City in the west, bypassing Lakeland, Auburndale, and Haines City, and heading northeast toward the greater Orlando area.
    •   SR 570 (or Polk Parkway) – With endpoints at I-4, this toll road traverses primarily around Lakeland, intersecting with several major routes in southern Lakeland and additionally providing access to Winter Haven and Legoland via SR 540, and Auburndale via US 92. It exists as SR 570.
    • Central Polk Parkway (Under Development)
    • Heartland Parkway (proposed)
  • U.S. Highways
    •   US 17 – This U.S. highway enters Polk County from the southwest, bypassing Fort Meade on its way to Bartow, and eventually through Eagle Lake into Winter Haven. North of Winter Haven, in Lake Alfred, it joins with US 92 to form a concurrency that continues north and east through Haines City and Davenport toward Kissimmee and Orlando.
    •   US 27 – This primary thoroughfare in eastern Polk County bypasses several cities, including Frostproof, Lake Wales, Dundee, Lake Hamilton, Haines City, and Davenport. Its interchange with I-4 is a gateway to the Orlando area.
    •   US 92 – This route essentially parallels I-4 to the south over its journey through Polk County. From Plant City to the west, it enters Polk County and crosses Lakeland, emerging and continuing on through Auburndale. It joins US 17 in Lake Alfred.
    •   US 98 – This route crosses northwest to southeast across Polk County. Entering from Pasco County, it cuts through Lakeland and leads to Bartow. In Bartow, it begins a concurrency with US 17 through Fort Meade, where it jogs over to meet US 27 in Frostproof. US 98 is concurrent with US 27 as it exits Polk County to the southeast.
    •   US 192 – This highway has its western terminus at US 27 along the border of Polk and Lake Counties. It runs eastward from this junction to provide access to Disney World, the Orlando area, and the Space Coast.
  • Major State Roads
    •   SR 17 – This scenic highway winds parallel to the east of US 27, running through the downtown areas of Lake Wales, Dundee, Lake Hamilton, and Haines City.
    •   SR 33 – It stems northward from Lakeland and leads to Polk City, and continues northward through the Green Swamp.
    •   SR 37 – Also called South Florida Avenue, this road connects Mulberry to southern Lakeland.
    •   SR 60 – The major route of southern Polk County and the county's largest state road, it connects Mulberry and Bartow with Lake Wales on its route from coast to coast in Florida.
    •   SR 540 – This road leads from Highland City in the Lakeland area to Winter Haven as Winter-Lake Road, then jogging over at US 17 and providing access to Legoland and US 27 as Cypress Gardens Boulevard.
    •   SR 542 – This road travels through central Polk County, connecting downtown Winter Haven to US 27 and Dundee.
    •   SR 544 – This road leads first from Auburndale to Winter Haven as Havendale Boulevard, and continues north and east as a scenic route to southern Haines City.
    •   SR 559 – This route straddles Lake Ariana in Auburndale and connects this city with Polk City, also providing access to I-4.

Intercity rail

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Polk County has two Amtrak train stations, in Winter Haven and Lakeland. Both stations are served by Amtrak's Silver Star, with the Winter Haven station alone also served by Amtrak's Silver Meteor.

Communities

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Municipalities of Polk County

According to the 2010 Census, just under 38% of the population of the county lives in one of Polk's seventeen incorporated municipalities.[70] The largest city, Lakeland, has over 112,000 residents and is located in the western edge of the county. The other core city of the metropolitan area, Winter Haven, is located in the eastern part of the county and has 34,000 residents. The county seat, Bartow, is located southeast of Lakeland and southwest of Winter Haven and has over 17,000 residents. The cities of Bartow, Lakeland, and Winter Haven form a roughly equilateral triangle pointed downward with Bartow being the south point, Lakeland the west point, and Winter Haven the east point.[71][72]

The other major cities in the county with a population over 10,000 include Haines City, Auburndale, and Lake Wales. Haines City is in the northeast part of the county and has over 20,000 residents. Auburndale is located northwest of Winter Haven and Lake Wales is around 16 miles east of Bartow.

Cities

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Towns

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Village

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Census-designated places

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Other unincorporated communities

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[41][42]

References

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  1. ^ a b "QuickFacts Polk County, Florida". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ "Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Guidance on the Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). Executive Office of the President. July 21, 2023. p. 59. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  4. ^ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2013. Archived from the original (CSV) on April 1, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  5. ^ "Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2013. Archived from the original (CSV) on May 17, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  6. ^ "Centers of Population by State: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  7. ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 37–41, 58. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2.
  8. ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 105–109. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2.
  9. ^ Luer, George M.; Marion M. Almy (September 1981). "Temple Mounds of the Tampa Bay Area". The Florida Anthropologist. 34 (3): 149. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  10. ^ Milanich, Jerald T.; Hudson, Charles (1993). Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0-8130-1170-1.
  11. ^ Missall, John; Missall, Mary Lou (2004). The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 138–142. ISBN 0-8130-2715-2.
  12. ^ Mahon, John K. (1967). History of the Second Seminole War. University of Florida Press\location=Gainesville,Florida. pp. 316–318.
  13. ^ Publications of the Florida Historical Society. Florida Historical Society. 1908. p. 33.
  14. ^ a b Rousos, Rick. "How Polk Got Its Name".
  15. ^ Kline, Jeffrey (February 6, 2011). "Just Who Was James K. Polk?". The Ledger. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  16. ^ a b Kimberly C. Moore, "Confederate vets, former slaves form Lakeland’s history", The Ledger, May 9, 2018; accessed June 27, 2018.
  17. ^ a b c Kimberly C. Moore, "Lynchings, Klan activity part of Polk’s history", The Ledger, May 7, 2018.
  18. ^ "Woman's Impatience Revealed as Cause of Porter's Death". New York Negro World. May 29, 1920. The woman sent a telegram to the next station stating that Scott had insulted her. When the train stopped, Scott was removed by a deputy sheriff. From there the story followed the usual lynching pattern. A mob "over-powered" the sheriff and killed the Negro. The coroner's jury returned the usual verdict, "Death at the hands of parties unknown."
  19. ^ a b "Polk's Profile". Polk County Board of County Commissioners. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  20. ^ a b "Airport History". Bartow Municipal Airport. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  21. ^ Cotter, Holland (June 1, 2018). "A Memorial to the Lingering Horror of Lynching". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  22. ^ a b "Unemployment Rate Polk County, FL". The Ledger. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  23. ^ Bossak, Brian H. (April 2005). ""X" Marks the Spot: Florida, the 2004 Hurricane Bull's-Eye" (PDF). Sound Waves. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  24. ^ White, Gary (December 27, 2009). "Cypress Gardens Closes Once Again; Its Future Is Uncertain". www.theledger.com. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  25. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  26. ^ Fraisse, Clyde. "USDA Plant Hardiness Information" (PDF). Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  27. ^ Walter, Shoshana (January 9, 2010). "Snow, Sleet Pelt Frigid Polk". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  28. ^ a b Collins, Jennifer; Paxton, Charles; Wahl, Thomas; Emrich, Christopher (November 2017). "Climate and Weather Extremes" (PDF). In Chassignet, Eric; Jones, James; Misra, Vasubandhu; Obeysekera, Jayantha (eds.). Florida's Climate: Changes, Variations, & Impacts. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. doi:10.17125/fci2017. ISBN 9781979091046. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  29. ^ Maready, Jeremy (January 8, 2009). "One Year After Tragic I-4 Pileup, Questions Remain". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  30. ^ Team, National Weather Service Corporate Image Web. "National Weather Service Climate". w2.weather.gov.
  31. ^ a b c "Historical Hurricane Tracks". NOAA Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool. NOAA. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  32. ^ Chambliss, John; Rousso, Rick (August 13, 2004). "Charley Whips Through Polk". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. Retrieved October 16, 2018. Over land, Charley lost some punch but still pummeled Lake Wales with gusts up to 101 mph and sustained winds of 95 mph for about 45 minutes, according to the Lake Wales Fire Department.
  33. ^ Goldsmith, Barry (2004). "Hurricane Charley Preliminary Storm Survey I" (PDF). National Weather Service Tampa Bay Area Weather Forecast Office. pp. 3–4. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  34. ^ Linhares, Mark (2004). "Hurricane Charley Preliminary Storm Survey II" (PDF). National Weather Service Tampa Bay Area Weather Forecast Office. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  35. ^ Pasch, Richard; Brown, Daniel; Blake, Erik (October 18, 2004). "Tropical Cyclone Report - Hurricane Charley - 9-14 August 2004" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. p. 8. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  37. ^ a b "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  38. ^ a b "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022". County Population Totals: 2020-2022. U.S. Census Bureau. March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  39. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  40. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  41. ^ https://www.census.gov/ [not specific enough to verify]
  42. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  43. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  44. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  45. ^ a b c d "Polk County: SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  46. ^ a b c "Polk County Demographic Characteristics". ocala.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  47. ^ a b "Polk County: Age Groups and Sex: 2010–2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  48. ^ "Polk County, Florida: SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  49. ^ "Demographics of Polk County, FL". MuniNetGuide.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  50. ^ Polk County Demographic Profile (Central Florida Development Council) Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – retrieved June 1, 2007
  51. ^ a b "Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Polk County, Florida". Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  52. ^ a b One %5b%5bFortune 500%5d%5d company, %5b%5bPublix Super Markets%5d%5d, has headquarters in the county.%5b%5bCategory:All articles with unsourced statements%5d%5d%5b%5bCategory:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020%5d%5d[%5b%5bWikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed%5d%5d] "Polk County Profile". Enterprise Florida. Retrieved October 27, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  53. ^ "Top Employers ‹ Central Florida Development Council".
  54. ^ "Central Florida's Polk County Sports Marketing | Baseball". Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  55. ^ "Lakeland Flying Tigers". MiLB.com. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  56. ^ Savage, Dan (April 11, 2023). "Orlando Magic's G League Team's Move to Osceola a 'Game Changer'". NBA.com. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  57. ^ "Southeastern University Athletics - Official Athletics Website". Southeastern University Athletics. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  58. ^ a b "Board of County Commissioners". Polk County Website. Archived from the original on September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
  59. ^ "Polk Sheriff Grady Judd re-elected for four more years after no one ran against him". FOX 13 News. July 10, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  60. ^ "Sarasota County, FL : Supervisor of Elections". Sarasota County, FL : Supervisor of Elections. SOE Software Corporation. April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  61. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org.
  62. ^ Schmidt, Carol. "Polk County Library Cooperative Coordinator Now Has Full-Time Job". The Ledger.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "About Us - Polk County Library Cooperative". www.mypclc.org.
  64. ^ "Library Services". whpl.mywinterhaven.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  65. ^ "About Us". Polk County Library Cooperative. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  66. ^ "Overview". Polk County Library Cooperative. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  67. ^ "Historical and Genealogical Library". Polk County Board of County Commissioners. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  68. ^ "Tampa Bay metro market hits milestone". www.bizjournals.com. July 18, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  69. ^ Moore, Kimberly C (July 12, 2018). "Airport director on a mission to bring airline service to Lakeland Linder International Airport". Lakeland Ledger. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  70. ^ "Census: Polk's Population Larger, More Diverse". The Ledger. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  71. ^ "Publication 04-39-087" (PDF). University of Florida. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
  72. ^ "Map of Bartow, Lakeland, Winter Haven showing 'triangle'". Retrieved October 17, 2010.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polk County, Florida.

Government links/Constitutional offices

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Special districts

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Judicial branch

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Miscellaneous

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27°58′N 81°42′W / 27.96°N 81.70°W / 27.96; -81.70

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