Cluster flies (a.k.a. grass flies or attic flies) are flies of the genus Pollenia in the family Polleniidae. Unlike the more familiar blow flies, such as the bluebottle genus Phormia they do not lay eggs in human food. They parasitise earthworms; the females lay their eggs near earthworm burrows, and the larvae then feed on the worms. But the biology of this group is relatively poorly known and a few have been recorded from other hosts including caterpillars and bees.[13]
| Cluster fly | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male Pollenia sp. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Subsection: | Calyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Oestroidea |
| Family: | Polleniidae |
| Genus: | Pollenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[1] |
| Type species | |
| Musca rudis[2] | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Cluster flies seek refuge in cold weather and find their way into attic spaces and similar areas indoors. They often emerge on warm days, and cluster at windows attempting to exit (hence the name).[14]
The typical grass fly Pollenia rudis is about 7 mm long and can be recognised by distinct lines or stripes behind the head, short golden-coloured hairs on the thorax, and irregular light and dark grey areas on the abdomen. Cluster flies are typically slow-moving.
Cluster flies have a widespread distribution. Eight species are found in Britain and 31 in Europe. Pollenia species are also numerous in Australia and New Zealand (over 30 species); they are common in North America. P. rudis has spread widely in association with humans.[15]
Species
edit- P. advena Dear, 1986[16]
- P. aerosa Dear, 1986[16]
- P. agneteae Rognes, 2019[17]
- P. alajensis Rohdendorf, 1926[18]
- P. amentaria (Scopoli, 1763)[19]
- P. angustigena Wainwright, 1940[20]
- P. antipodea Dear, 1986[16]
- P. astrictifrons Dear, 1986[16]
- P. atramentaria (Meigen, 1826)[21]
- P. atricoma Dear, 1986[16]
- P. atrifemur Malloch, 1930[22]
- P. bartaki Rognes, 2016[23]
- P. bezziana Rognes, 1992[24]
- P. bicolor Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[1]
- P. bulgarica Jacentkovsky, 1939[25]
- P. calamisessa Hardy, 1932[26]
- P. chotei Kurahashi & Tumrasvin, 1979[27]
- P. commensurata Dear, 1986[16]
- P. consanguinea Dear, 1986[16]
- P. consectata Dear, 1986[16]
- P. contempta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863[4]
- P. cuprea Malloch, 1930[22]
- P. dasypoda Portschinsky, 1881[28]
- P. demissa (Hutton, 1901)[5]
- P. dysaethria Dear, 1986[16]
- P. dyscheres Dear, 1986[16]
- P. dysethria Dear, 1986[16]
- P. enetera Dear, 1986[16]
- P. erlangshanna Feng, 2004[29]
- P. eurybregma Dear, 1986[16]
- P. flindersi Hardy, 1932[26]
- P. fulviantenna Dear, 1986[16]
- P. fulvipalpis Macquart 1835[30]
- P. fumosa (Hutton, 1901)[5]
- P. griseotomentosa (Jacentkovsky 1944)[11]
- P. grunini Rognes, 1988[31]
- P. haeretica Séguy, 1928[32]
- P. hazarae (Senior-White, 1923)[33]
- P. hirticeps Malloch, 1927[34]
- P. hispida Dear, 1986[16]
- P. huangshanensis Fan & Chen, 1997[35]
- P. hungarica Rognes, 1987[36]
- P. ibalia Séguy, 1930[37]
- P. immanis Dear, 1986[16]
- P. insularis Dear, 1986[16]
- P. japonica Kano & Shinonaga, 1966[38]
- P. labialis Robineau-Desvoidy 1863[4]
- P. lativertex Dear, 1986[16]
- P. leclercqiana (Lehrer 1978)[39]
- P. limpida Dear, 1986[16]
- P. luteovillosa Rognes 1987[36]
- P. margarita Schluesslmayr & Sivell, 2021[40]
- P. mayeri Jacentkovsky 1941[9]
- P. mediterranea Grunin 1966[41]
- P. mesopotamica Mawlood & Abdul-Rassoul, 2009[42]
- P. moravica (Jacentkovský, 1941)[8]
- P. moretonensis Macquart, 1855[43]
- P. mystica Rognes, 1988[31]
- P. nigripalpis Dear, 1986[16]
- P. nigripes Malloch, 1930[22]
- P. nigrisquama Malloch, 1930[22]
- P. nigrita Malloch, 1936[44]
- P. notialis Dear, 1986[16]
- P. opalina Dear, 1986[16]
- P. oreia Dear, 1986[16]
- P. paragrunini Rognes, 1988[31]
- P. paupera Rondani, 1862[45]
- P. pectinata Grunin, 1966[41]
- P. pediculata Macquart 1834[46]
- P. pernix (Hutton, 1901)[5]
- P. ponti Rognes, 1991[47]
- P. primaeva Dear, 1986[16]
- P. pseudintermedia Rognes, 1987[48]
- P. pseudomelanurus (Feng, 2004)[29]
- P. pulverea Dear, 1986[16]
- P. rudis (Fabricius, 1794)[3]
- P. ruficrura Rondani, 1862[45]
- P. rufifemorata Rognes & Baz, 2008[49]
- P. sakulasi (Kurahashi, 1987)[50]
- P. sandaraca Dear, 1986[16]
- P. scalena Dear, 1986[16]
- P. semicinerea Villeneuve, 1911[51]
- P. shaanxiensis Fan & Wu, 1997[35]
- P. sichuanensis Feng, 2004[29]
- P. similis (Jacentkovsky, 1941)[8]
- P. stigi Rognes, 1992[24]
- P. stolida Malloch, 1936[44]
- P. tenuiforceps Séguy, 1928[32]
- P. townsendi Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940[52]
- P. umbrifera (Walker, 1861)[53]
- P. uniseta Dear, 1986[16]
- P. vagabunda (Meigen 1826)[21]
- P. venturii Zumpt, 1956[54]
- P. vera Jacentkovsky, 1936[55]
- P. verneri Rognes, 1992[24]
- P. viatica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[1][56]
- P. viridiventris Macquart, 1847[57]
References
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- ^ Sabrosky, Curtis W. (1999). "Family-Group Names in Diptera An annotated catalog" (PDF). Myia. 10. Leidan: Backhuys Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
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- ^ a b c d Robineau-Desvoidy, Jean-Baptiste (1863). Histoire naturelle des dipteres des environs de Paris (PDF). Vol. Tome second. Masson et Fils, Paris. pp. 1–920. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1901). "Synopsis of the Diptera Brachycera of New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 33: 1–95. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ Curran, C.H. (1927). "Some new Australasian and African Diptera of the families Muscidae and Tachinidae (Dipt.)". Entomologische Mitteilungen. 16: 345–357.
- ^ a b c Enderlein, G (1936). "Ordnung: Zweiflügler, Diptera. In: Brohmer P, Ehrmann P, Ulmer G (Eds)". Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Insekten, Teil II. 6 (22): 1–259.
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- ^ a b Jacentkovský, D. (1941). "Pollenia mayeri n. sp. Calliphoridae, Tachinoidea) nová kuklice z Moravy [Pollenia mayeri n. sp. (Calliphoridae, Tachinoidea) eine neue Raupenflige aus Mähren". Entomologické listy (in Czech). 4: 14–16.
- ^ a b c Jacentkovský, D (1942). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der gattung Pollenia R.D. (Calliphoridae, Tachinoidae, Diptera)". Rozpravy Vedecké Spolecnosti Badatelské pri Ruské Svobodné Universite v Praze. 11 (16) (84): 193–225.
- ^ a b Jacentkovský, D (1944). "Další příspěvek k zvířeně kuklkic (Tachinoidea, Dipt.) Moravy [Weiterer Beitrag zur Fauna der Raupenfliegen (Tachinoidea, Dipt.) Mährens]". Entomologické listy (in Czech). 7: 45–49.
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- ^ Jewiss-Gaines, A. et al. Cluster Flies (Calliphoridae: Polleniinae: Pollenia) of North America
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- ^ a b Hardy, G.H. (1932). "Two new Australian species of Pollenia". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 57: 388–340.
- ^ Kurahashi, H.; Tumrasvin, W. (1979). "Six new species of calliphorid flies from Thailand (Diptera: Calliphoridae)". Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology. 30 (4): 297–304. doi:10.7601/mez.30.297.
- ^ Portschinsky, J.A. (1881). "Diptera europaea et asiatica nova aut minus cognita". Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, Variis Sermonibus in Rossia Usitatis Editae. 16: 136–145. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Feng, Y. (2004). "Five new species of the tribe Polleniini from Sichuan, China (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Calliphorinae)". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 29: 803–808.
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- ^ a b c Rognes, K. (1988). "The taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Pollenia semicinerea species-group (Diptera: Calliphoridae)". Systematic Entomology. 13 (3): 315–345. Bibcode:1988SysEn..13..315R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1988.tb00245.x. S2CID 85674738.
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External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pollenia.
- Images of some cluster fly species: Pollenia amentaria Scopoli ; Pollenia angustigena Wainwright and Pollenia rudisFabricius.
- European including Russia species