Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), commonly known as PHBV, is a polyhydroxyalkanoate-type polymer. It is biodegradable, nontoxic, biocompatible plastic produced naturally by bacteria and a good alternative for many non-biodegradable synthetic polymers. It is a thermoplastic linear aliphatic polyester. It is obtained by the copolymerization of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid. PHBV is used in speciality packaging, orthopedic devices and in controlled release of drugs. PHBV undergoes bacterial degradation in the environment.
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| Names | |
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| Other names
Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-β-hydroxyvalerate)
Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-β-hydroxyvaleric acid) Biopol P(3HB-3HV) | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| Abbreviations | PHBV P(3HB-co-3HV) |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.125.321 |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| [COCH2CH(CH3)O]m[COCH2CH(C2H5)O]n[1] | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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History
editPHBV was first manufactured in 1983 by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). It is commercialized under the trade name Biopol. ICI (Zeneca) sold it to Monsanto in 1996. This was then obtained by Metabolix in 2001.[2][3] Biomer L is the trade name of PHBV from Biomer.
Synthesis
editPHBV is synthesized by bacteria as storage compounds under growth limiting conditions.[4] It can be produced from glucose and propionate by the recombinant Escherichia coli strains.[2] Many other bacteria like Paracoccus denitrificans and Ralstonia eutropha are also capable of producing it.
It can also be synthesized from genetically engineered plants.[5]
PHBV is a copolymer of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid.[6] PHBV may also be synthesized from butyrolactone and valerolactone in the presence of oligomeric aluminoxane as catalyst.[7]
Structure
editThe monomers, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid, are joined by ester bonds; the back bone of the polymer is made up of carbon and oxygen atoms. The property of the PHBV depends upon the ratio of these two monomers in it. 3-hydroxybutanoic acid provides stiffness while 3-hydroxypentanoic acid promotes flexibility. Thus PHBV can be made to resemble either polypropylene or polyethylene by changing the ratio of monomers.[8] Increase in the ratio of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid to 3-hydroxypentanoic acid results in an increase in melting point, water permeability, glass transition temperature (Tg) and tensile strength. However impact resistance is reduced.[3][5][7]
Properties
editPHBV is a thermoplastic polymer. It is brittle, has low elongation at break and low impact resistance.[5]
Uses
editPHBV find its application in controlled release of drugs, medical implants and repairs, specialty packaging, orthopedic devices and manufacturing bottles for consumer goods. It is also biodegradable which can be used as an alternative to non biodegradable plastics[9]
Degradation
editWhen disposed, PHBV degrades into carbon dioxide and water. PHBV undergo bacterial degradation. PHBV, just like fats to human, is an energy source to microorganisms. Enzymes produced by them degrade it and are consumed.[10]
PHBV has a low thermal stability and the cleavage occurs at the ester bond by β elimination reaction.[5]
Hydrolytic degradation occurs only slowly making it usable in medical applications.
Drawbacks
editPHBV, being biodegradable, biocompatible and renewable, is a good alternative for synthetic nonbiodegradable polymers made from petroleum. But it has the following drawbacks,[5]
- Expensive
- Low thermal stability
- Brittle
- Primitive mechanical properties
- Processing difficulty
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid)". sigmaaldrich.com.
- ^ a b Cornelia Vasile; Gennady Zaikov (31 December 2009). Environmentally Degradable Materials Based on Multicomponent Polymeric Systems. BRILL. p. 228. ISBN 978-90-04-16410-9. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ a b Ewa Rudnik (3 January 2008). Compostable Polymer Materials. Elsevier. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-08-045371-2. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ Emo Chiellini (31 October 2001). Biorelated Polymers: Sustainable Polymer Science and Technology. Springer. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-306-46652-6. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Srikanth Pilla (20 July 2011). Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites Engineering Applications. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 373–396. ISBN 978-0-470-62607-8. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ "Polymers". Chemistry XII Part II. NCERT. p. 435.
- ^ a b "Bioplastics - Biodegradable polyesters (PLA, PHA, PCL ...)". biodeg.net. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
- ^ Rolando Barbucci (31 October 2002). Integrated Biomaterials Science. Springer. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-306-46678-6. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ David Kaplan (7 July 1998). Biopolymers from Renewable Resources. Springer. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-540-63567-3. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ William D. Luzier. "Materials derived from biomass/biodegradable materials" (PDF). Retrieved July 11, 2012.