Wikipedia

Multiplicity (subculture)

(Redirected from Polypsychism)
This article is about the concept and associated online subculture. For the recognized psychological disorder, see Dissociative identity disorder.

Multiplicity, also called plurality or polypsychism, is an online subculture of people identifying as having or using multiple personalities,[1][2][3] or as having multiple people occupying one mind and body. Multiplicity communities mostly exist online through social media platforms.[3]

Definition

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The coinage multiplicity describes people displaying or experiencing multiple personalities, selves, or identities in one mind and body, each with their own thoughts, emotional reactions, preferences, behavior, memory and sense of self.[4][5][6][7][8][9][1][excessive citations]

It commonly covers:[3][9]

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See also: Tulpamancy § Tulpamancers

In contrast to dissociative identity disorder, the social movement of people who identify as "multiple" is under-researched.[1]

Resources dedicated to multiplicity started to appear early in the internet's history.[10] According to a member of the community interviewed by Vice Magazine, the multiplicity subculture and related vocabulary originated in mailing lists of the 1980s.[3] Playing video games has also been cited as a context in which people engage with multiplicity.[12]

Vice suggests that aspects of the online multiplicity community were also found in Haitian Vodou, spirit possession and the Tibetan practice of tulpamancy.[3] Nowadays, an online subculture dedicated to tulpamancy also exists, where practitioners willfully create and engage with tulpas which has been described as an online multiplicity space.[10]

Characteristics

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Multiplicity communities exist online through social media blogging sites like LiveJournal, Tumblr,[13][14] and more recently, TikTok, Reddit, and YouTube.[2][15] Composing their members are "systems" of multiple distinct identities or personalities in the same body. Those identities are often called "headmates", "systemmates", and sometimes "alters", and can have different names, ages, genders, sexualities, and personalities from one another.[13][16][10] Some other jargon used within multiplicity communities includes:

  • "Fronter", the headmate currently controlling the body.
  • "Fronting", the act of controlling the body.[3]
  • "Co-fronting", when one or more headmates are fronting simultaneously.
  • "Switching", when the fronting headmate switches out to another headmate.[2]
  • "Plural" or "Plurality", other terms for multiplicity.[17]
  • "Headspace" or "inner world", the concept of a mental space in which headmates interact together.[13][3]
  • "Singlet", referring to a person that does not experience plurality.[1][3][9]
  • "Traumagenic", a form of plurality caused by or rooted in psychological trauma.[10]
  • "Endogenic", a form of plurality that has non-traumagenic roots.[10]

Role as a support community

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Participating in online multiplicity communities can remedy social isolation.[1][15] Ribáry et al. found that for participants, adopting a plural identity helps them cope with identity disorders and that discovering the notion of multiplicity and participating in related communities "is helpful and therapeutic".[1] According to The Plural Association (a Netherlands-based nonprofit founded to "empower Plurals, no matter the words or labels they use to define their unique and individual experiences"[18]), "Denying the existence of separate experiences can be harmful and may not facilitate healing. Acknowledging and respecting the multiplicity-plurality of individuals with DID [Dissociative Identity Disorder] is essential for promoting understanding, acceptance, and support."[19]

As a personality style

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In personality research, the term plurality can also refer to personality style defined as "an individual's relatively consistent inclinations and preferences across contexts".[20]

Stephen E. Braude and Rita Carter use a different definition of personality style, defining "personality style" as "personality" and proposing that a person may have multiple selves and not have any relatively consistent inclinations and preferences in personality. This may happen as an adaptation to a change of environment and role within a person's life and may be consciously adopted or encouraged, in a similar way to acting or role-playing.[21] For example, a woman may adopt a kind, nurturing personality when dealing with her children but change to a more aggressive, forceful personality when going to work as a high-flying executive as her responsibilities change.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Ribáry, Gergő; Lajtai, László; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Maraz, Aniko (2017-06-13). "Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 938. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00938. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5468408. PMID 28659840.
  2. ^ a b c Lucas, Jessica (6 July 2021). "Inside TikTok's booming dissociative identity disorder community". Input. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Telfer, Tori (2015-05-11). "Are Multiple Personalities Always a Disorder?". Vice. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  4. ^ "Exploring the experiences of young people with multiplicity". Youth & Policy. 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  5. ^ Eve, Zarah; Heyes, Kim; Parry, Sarah (2023-09-12). "Conceptualizing multiplicity spectrum experiences: A systematic review and thematic synthesis". Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. doi:10.1002/cpp.2910. ISSN 1063-3995.
  6. ^ "Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  7. ^ cooper, mick (1996). "MODES OF EXISTENCE: TOWARDS A PHENOMENOLOGICAL POLYPSYCHISM" (PDF). Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis. 7 (2): 1.
  8. ^ Rowan, John, ed. (1999). The plural self: multiplicity in everyday life (1. publ ed.). London: Sage Publ. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7619-6076-8.
  9. ^ a b c "What we can learn about respect and identity from 'plurals' | Aeon Ideas". Aeon. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  11. ^ "Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  12. ^ "Multiplicity and Identity Mitigation in Video Games | Nightmare Mode [Archived]". Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  13. ^ a b c Riesman, Abraham (2019-03-29). "The Best Cartoonist You've Never Read Is Eight Different People". Vulture. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  14. ^ https://www.lycoming.edu/schemata/pdfs/Sullivan.pdf
  15. ^ a b Styx, Lo (2022-01-27). "Teens Are Using TikTok to Diagnose Themselves With Dissociative Identity Disorder". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  16. ^ Parry, Sarah; Eve, Zarah; Myers, Gemma (2022-07-21). "Exploring the Utility and Personal Relevance of Co-Produced Multiplicity Resources with Young People". Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 15 (2): 427–439. doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00377-7. ISSN 1936-1521. PMC 9120276. PMID 35600531.
  17. ^ Stronghold (2023-04-18). "How they took the Multiple out of Multiplicity - Understanding the history". powertotheplurals.com. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  18. ^ Stronghold. "TPA Nonprofit". powertotheplurals.com. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  19. ^ Stronghold (2023-04-18). "How they took the Multiple out of Multiplicity - Understanding the history". powertotheplurals.com. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  20. ^ Eriksen, Karen & Kress, Victoria E. (2005). "A Developmental, Constructivist Model for Ethical Assessment (Which Includes Diagnosis, of Course)". Beyond the DSM Story: Ethical Quandaries, Challenges, and Best Practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Page Publications. ISBN 0-7619-3032-9
  21. ^ Stephen E. Braude (1995), First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 86, ISBN 9780847679966
  22. ^ Carter, Rita (March 2008). Multiplicity: The New Science of Personality, Identity, and the Self. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316115384.

Further reading

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  • Ian Hacking (2000). What's Normal?: Narratives of Mental & Emotional Disorders. Kent State University Press. pp. 39–54. ISBN 9780873386531.
  • Jennifer Radden (2011). "Multiple Selves". The Oxford Handbook of the Self. Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 547 et seq. ISBN 9780199548019.
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