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Pomona (mythology)

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Pomona (/pəˈmoʊnə/ ⓘ,[1] Latin: [poːˈmoːna]) was a goddess of fruitful abundance and plenty in ancient Roman religion and myth. Her name comes from the Latin word pomum, "fruit", specifically orchard fruit.

Pomona
Goddess of fruit trees, fruitful abundance, plenty, gardens, and orchards
Statue of Pomona, Naples Archaeology Museum (late 2nd century AD)
Major cult centerPomonal
Abodegardens and orchards
Symbolspruning knife
FestivalsVertumnalia
ConsortVertumnus

Pomona was said to be a wood nymph.[2][3] Pomona does not have a clear counterpart in Greek mythology, although the fruit goddess Opora can be seen as her equivalent.[4]

Etymology

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The name Pōmōna is a derivation from Latin pōmus ('fruit-tree, fruit'), possibly stemming from Proto-Italic *po-e/omo ('taken off, picked?'), cognate with Umbrian Puemune, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁e/omo ('what is (to be) taken').[5]

Mythology

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In the myth narrated by Ovid, she scorned the love of the woodland gods Silvanus and Picus, but married Vertumnus after he tricked her, disguised as an old woman.[6] She and Vertumnus shared a festival held on August 13. Her priest was called the flamen Pomonalis. The pruning knife was her attribute. There is a grove that is sacred to her called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome.

Pomona was the goddess of fruit trees, gardens, and orchards. Unlike many other Roman goddesses and gods, she does not have a Greek counterpart, though she is commonly associated with Demeter. She watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation. She was not actually associated with the harvest of fruits itself, but with the flourishing of the fruit trees. In artistic depictions she is generally shown with a platter of fruit or a cornucopia.

Namesakes

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The city of Pomona, California, in Los Angeles County, is named after the goddess.[7] Pomona College was founded in the city and retained its name even after relocating to its present-day location in Claremont.[7][8]

The township of Pomona, Illinois, in Jackson County, is named after the goddess. The township is home to mainly agricultural land, and has wineries and orchards in the vicinity.

The town of Pomona Park, Florida, in Putnam County is named after the goddess of fruit from the time citrus horticulture dominated the economy of the area.[9]

The Pomona Docks (formerly part of the Manchester docks) were built on the site of the Pomona Gardens. A former public house nearby was named the Pomona Palace.

32 Pomona is a main belt asteroid discovered in 1854.

In 2003 a newly discovered honey bee (Apis mellifera) subspecies was named after Pomona being called the Apis mellifera pomonella. It was discovered in the Tien Shan Mountains, an area with the greatest genetic diversity for a wild Malus species, M. sieversii, that is the predominant ancestor of domesticated apple varieties, which are typically pollinated by honey bees on a commercial scale.[10]

Representations in art

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A bronze statue of Pomona sits atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. The fountain was funded by newspaper tycoon Joseph Pulitzer, designed by the architect Thomas Hastings, and crowned by a statue conceived by the sculptor Karl Bitter.[11] The fountain was dedicated in May 1916.

Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.[12]

Der Sieg der fruchtbaren Pomona ("The Victory of Fruitful Pomona") is a 1702 opera by Reinhard Keiser.

Pomona is the title of a play by Alistair McDowell, commissioned in 2014 for the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama.[13]

Pomona is one of three statues featured at the Massachusetts Horticulture Society's Elm Bank Horticulture Center, along with Ceres and Flora. [14]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Pomona". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  2. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses (trans. Michael Simpson: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), p. 448.
  3. ^ Matthew Gumpert, Grafting Helen: The Abduction of the Classical Past (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), p. 69.
  4. ^ Metta, Demetra. "Μορφές και Θέματα της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής Μυθολογίας: Αναξαρέτη" [Figures and Themes of Greek Mythology: Anaxarete]. www.greek-language.gr (in Greek). Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  5. ^ de Vaan 2008, p. 479.
  6. ^ Duckworth, George E (1976). "Pompona". In William D. Halsey (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 19. Macmillan Educational Corporation. p. 232.
  7. ^ a b Bright, William (1998). 1500 California Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-520-92054-5.
  8. ^ A Brief History of Pomona College, Pomona College (accessed September 26, 2016).
  9. ^ Michaels, Brian E. (1976). The River flows North: A history of Putnam County, Florida. Palatka, Florida: Putnam County Archives and History Commission. p. 212. ASIN B00072QEFQ.
  10. ^ Walter Sheppard, Marina Meixner (2003). "Apis mellifera pomonella, a new honey bee subspecies from Central Asia" (PDF). Apidologie. 4 (34): 367–375. doi:10.1051/apido:2003037. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  11. ^ Ferdinand Schevill, Karl Bitter, a Biography (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1917), pages 65–67.
  12. ^ Marvin D. Hinten, The Keys to the Chronicles: Unlocking the Symbols of C.S. Lewis's Narnia (B&H Publishing Group: 2005), pp. 11, 22, 102.
  13. ^ "Royal Welsh College: First London Season of New Writing" (PDF). Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  14. ^ "Goddess Garden". Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  15. ^ Arthur Haskell (ed.) 'Gala Performance' (Collins 1955) p206.

Bibliography

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