The Pontianak incident consisted of two massacres which took place in Kalimantan during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. One of them is also known as the Mandor Affair. The victims were from a wide variety of ethnic groups, and the killings devastated the Malay elite of Kalimantan, with all the Malay Sultans of Kalimantan executed by the Japanese.
| Pontianak incident | |
|---|---|
| Part of World War II | |
| Location | Kalimantan, Dutch East Indies |
| Target | Mainly Malay, Javanese and other natives (these included Menadonese, Dayaks, Bugis, Bataks, Minangkabau). A relatively small number of Chinese, Arabs, and Indians were among the victims. |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 21,000+ |
| Perpetrators | Imperial Japanese Navy |
The massacres
editIn the 1943-1944 Pontianak incident, the Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of Chinese, Malay elites, Javanese, Menadonese, Dayaks, Bugis, Bataks, and Minangkabau in Kalimantan, including all of the Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them.[1][2] The Japanese falsely claimed that all of those ethnic groups, and organisations such as the Islamic Pemuda Muhammadijah, were involved in a plot to overthrow the Japanese and create a "People's Republic of West Borneo" (Negara Rakyat Borneo Barat).[3]
The Japanese claimed that, "Sultans, Chinese, Indonesian government officials, Indians and Arabs, who had been antagonistic to each other, joined together to massacre Japanese", naming the Sultan of the Pontianak Sultanate as one of the "ringleaders" in the planned rebellion.[4] Up to 25 aristocrats, relatives of the Sultan of Pontianak, and many other prominent individuals were named as participants in the plot by the Japanese and then executed at Mandor.[5][6]
The Sultans of Pontianak, Sambas, Ketapang, Soekadana, Simpang, Koeboe, Ngabang, Sanggau, Sekadau, Tajan, Sintang, and Mempawa were all executed by the Japanese; respectively, their names were Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri, Mohamad Ibrahim Tsafidedin, Goesti Saoenan, Tengkoe Idris, Goesti Mesir, Sjarif Saleh, Goesti Abdoel Hamid, Ade Mohamad Arif, Goesti Mohamad Kelip, Goesti Djapar, Raden Abdul Bahri Danoe Perdana, and Mohammed Ahoufiek.[7] They are known as the "12 Tokoh".[8] In Java, the Japanese jailed Syarif Abdul Hamid Alqadrie, the son of Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie (Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri).[9] Since he was in Java during the executions Hamid II was the only male in his family not killed, while the Japanese beheaded all 28 other male relatives of Pontianak Sultan Mohammed Alkadri.[10]
Among the 29 people of the Sultan of Pontianak's family who were beheaded by the Japanese was the heir to the Pontianak throne.[11] Later in 1944, the Dayaks assassinated a Japanese officer named Nakatani, who was involved in the incident and who was known for his cruelty. Sultan of Pontianak Mohamed Alkadri's fourth son, Pengeran Agoen (Pangeran Agung), and another son, Pengeran Adipati (Pangeran Adipati), were both beheaded by the Japanese [12][13] in a public execution.[14]
The Japanese extermination of the Malay elite of Pontianak paved the way for a new Dayak elite to arise in its place.[15] According to Mary F. Somers Heidhues, during May and June 1945, some Japanese were killed in a rebellion by the Dayaks in Sanggau.[16] According to Jamie S. Davidson, this rebellion, during which many Dayaks and Japanese were killed, occurred from April through August 1945, and was called the "Majang Desa War".[17] The Pontianak Incidents, or Affairs, are divided into two Pontianak incidents by scholars, variously categorised according to mass killings and arrests, which occurred in several stages on different dates.
The Pontianak incident negatively impacted the Chinese community in Kalimantan.[18][19][20][21][22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 204.
- ^ Ooi 2013, p. 42.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 205.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2013, p. 160.
- ^ Davidson 2002, p. 79.
- ^ Davidson 2003 Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, p. 9.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2002, pp. 167-168.
- ^ Ooi 2013.
- ^ Ooi 2013, p. 176.
- ^ Zweers 2011 Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 6.
- ^ Vries 2010.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2013, p. 168.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 207.
- ^ Felton 2007, p. 86.
- ^ Davidson 2009, p. 37.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 206.
- ^ Davidson 2003 Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, p. 8.
- ^ ed. Kratoska 2013, p. 165.
- ^ Hui 2011, p. 42.
- ^ Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie 2001, p. 41.
- ^ Baldacchino 2013, p. 75.
- ^ Sai & Hoon 2013, p. 119.
- Baldacchino, Godfrey, ed. (2013). The Political Economy of Divided Islands: Unified Geographies, Multiple Polities. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137023131. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Davidson, Jamie Seth (2002). Violence and Politics in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. University of Washington. ISBN 9780493919102. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Davidson, Jamie S. (August 2003). ""Primitive" Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Dayak Unity Party in West Kalimantan, Indonesia"" (PDF). Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series (ARI Working Paper) (9). Asia Research Institute of the National University of Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- Davidson, Jamie Seth (2009). From Rebellion to Riots: Collective Violence on Indonesian Borneo. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971694272. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Federspiel, Howard M. (2007). Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824830526. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Felton, Mark (2007). Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan's Naval War Crimes (illustrated ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591142638. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Heidhues, Mary F. Somers (2003). Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. 34 of Southeast Asia publications series (illustrated ed.). SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877277338. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Hui, Yew-Foong (2011). Strangers at Home: History and Subjectivity Among the Chinese Communities of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. 5 of Chinese Overseas (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-9004173408. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Jong, Louis (2002). The collapse of a colonial society: the Dutch in Indonesia during the Second World War. Vol. 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlands Geologisch Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Volume 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (illustrated ed.). KITLV Press. ISBN 9067182036. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Excerpta Indonesica, Volumes 64-66. Contributor Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie. Centre for Documentation on Modern Indonesia of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - Kratoska, Paul H., ed. (2002). Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Psychology Press. ISBN 070071488X. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Kratoska, Paul H., ed. (2013). Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136125065. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Keat Gin, Ooi (2013). Post-War Borneo, 1945-1950: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134058105. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2013). Post-war Borneo, 1945-50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134058037. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Sai, Siew-Min; Hoon, Chang-Yau, eds. (2013). Chinese Indonesians Reassessed: History, Religion and Belonging. Vol. 52 of Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0415608015. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- de Vries, Hubert (27 January 2010). "PONTIANAK".
- Zweers, Louis (Spring 2011). "The crown jewels lost and found" (PDF). The Newsletter (56). International Institute for Asian Studies: 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.