Kunda is a town in the Viru-Nigula Parish of Estonia, located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Kunda is best known for its cement factory, port, and archaeological heritage.[2]
Kunda | |
|---|---|
Town | |
     From left to right, clockwise: A cement factory, apartment buildings, the ruins of an old cement factory, a pulp mill, a hydroelectric power plant | |
| Coordinates: 59°30′N 26°32′E / 59.500°N 26.533°E | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Lääne-Viru County |
| Municipality | Viru-Nigula Parish |
| City status | May 1, 1938 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 9.85 km2 (3.80 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
| • Total | 2,865 |
| • Rank | 29th |
| • Density | 290/km2 (750/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
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History
editEvidence of some of the oldest prehistoric communities in Estonia—hunting, and fishing communities that existed around 6500 BC—were found near Kunda. This settlement gave the name to the Kunda culture.
The first written record of Kunda dates back to 1241, when it was mentioned as a village. In 1443 it was mentioned as a manor.[3]
Kunda was granted official borough rights on May 1, 1938.
Demographics
edit| Ethnicity | 1922[4] | 1934[5] | 1941[6] | 1959[7] | 1970[8] | 1979[9] | 1989[9] | 2000[10] | 2011[11] | 2021[12] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | |
| Estonians | 2102 | 91.0 | 1728 | 92.8 | 1433 | 97.5 | 2768 | 73.3 | 3400 | 65.1 | 2945 | 61.0 | 2513 | 49.9 | 2283 | 58.6 | 2176 | 63.6 | 2043 | 68.2 |
| Russians | 97 | 4.20 | 77 | 4.13 | 25 | 1.70 | - | - | 1442 | 27.6 | 1468 | 30.4 | 2037 | 40.4 | 1278 | 32.8 | 1041 | 30.4 | 802 | 26.8 |
| Ukrainians | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 118 | 2.26 | 134 | 2.78 | 166 | 3.30 | - | - | 82 | 2.40 | 55 | 1.84 |
| Belarusians | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 95 | 1.82 | 92 | 1.91 | 83 | 1.65 | - | - | 34 | 0.99 | 26 | 0.87 |
| Finns | - | - | 9 | 0.48 | 2 | 0.14 | - | - | 102 | 1.95 | 106 | 2.20 | 104 | 2.06 | - | - | 37 | 1.08 | 26 | 0.87 |
| Jews | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | 3 | 0.06 | 2 | 0.04 | 2 | 0.04 | - | - | 2 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Latvians | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.07 | - | - | 2 | 0.04 | 11 | 0.23 | 4 | 0.08 | - | - | 5 | 0.15 | 5 | 0.17 |
| Germans | 73 | 3.16 | 33 | 1.77 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 0.08 | 7 | 0.14 | - | - | 7 | 0.20 | 3 | 0.10 |
| Tatars | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10 | 0.21 | 13 | 0.26 | - | - | 1 | 0.03 | 3 | 0.10 |
| Poles | - | - | 1 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 14 | 0.29 | 13 | 0.26 | - | - | 6 | 0.18 | 5 | 0.17 |
| Lithuanians | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | 8 | 0.15 | 7 | 0.14 | 14 | 0.28 | - | - | 11 | 0.32 | 7 | 0.23 |
| unknown | 1 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 12 | 0.31 | 1 | 0.03 | 3 | 0.10 |
| other | 37 | 1.60 | 15 | 0.81 | 5 | 0.34 | 1008 | 26.7 | 56 | 1.07 | 35 | 0.72 | 81 | 1.61 | 326 | 8.36 | 19 | 0.56 | 21 | 0.70 |
| Total | 2310 | 100 | 1863 | 100 | 1469 | 100 | 3776 | 100 | 5226 | 100 | 4828 | 100 | 5037 | 100 | 3899 | 100 | 3422 | 100 | 2997 | 100.08 |
International relations
editTwin towns — Sister cities
editThe former municipality of Kunda was twinned with:
Climate
edit| Climate data for Kunda, Estonia (normals 1991–2020, extremes 1849–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.1 (93.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
34.4 (93.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1 (30) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
9.8 (49.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.7 (21.7) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−4 (25) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.1 (−27.6) |
−34.9 (−30.8) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−19 (−2) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.9 (37.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−19.7 (−3.5) |
−34.9 (−30.8) |
−34.9 (−30.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) |
29 (1.1) |
27 (1.1) |
29 (1.1) |
41 (1.6) |
68 (2.7) |
61 (2.4) |
76 (3.0) |
54 (2.1) |
61 (2.4) |
52 (2.0) |
38 (1.5) |
573 (22.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 9.5 | 8.6 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 11.9 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 107.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 85 | 80 | 75 | 72 | 76 | 78 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 86 | 86 | 81 |
| Source 1: Estonian Weather Service[14][15][16][17][18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA/NCEI (precipitation day, 1991-2020)[19] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
edit- Argo Aadli (born 1980), theatre and film actor
- Armin Öpik (1898–1983), paleontologist
- Ernst Öpik (1893–1985), astronomer and astrophysicist
- Jüri Parijõgi (1892–1941), writer and scholar
- Knudåge Riisager (1897–1974), composer, son of expatriate Danish parents (his father running the cement factory), spent his first 3 years in Kunda.
References
edit- ^ "Population by sex, age group and place of residence after the 2017 administrative reform, 1 January". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
- ^ Kirss, Odette (1980). Kunda (in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat. p. 5.
- ^ "Kunda". Eesti Entsüklopeedia. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ 1922 a. üldrahvalugemise andmed. Vihk IV, Viru maakond (tabelid). Eesti riikline statistika (in Estonian and French). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1924. pp. 12–13. hdl:10062/4451.
- ^ Rahvastiku koostis ja korteriolud. 1.III 1934 rahvaloenduse andmed. Vihk II (in Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1935. pp. 47–53. hdl:10062/4439.
- ^ Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 (in German and Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1942. pp. 66–67.
- ^ Katus, Kalev; Puur, Allan; Põldma, Asta; Sakkeus, Luule (1996). Rahvastiku ühtlusarvutatud sündmus- ja loendusstatistika: Lääne-Virumaa 1965-1990. Sari C (in Estonian and English). Tallinn: Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9985-820-21-5.
- ^ Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus. 1972. p. 78.
- ^ a b Eesti Vabariigi maakondade, linnade ja alevite rahvastik: 1989. a. rahvaloenduse andmed: statistikakogumik. 1. osa: Rahvaarv rahvuse, perekonnaseisu, hariduse ja elatusallikate järgi. Tallinn: Statistikaamet. 1990. pp. 30, 35. ISBN 978-9949-71-932-7.
- ^ 2000. aasta rahva ja eluruumide loendus (PDF) (in Estonian and English). Tallinn: Statistikaamet. 2001. p. 81. ISBN 9985-74-167-6.
- ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
- ^ "RL21429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA (HALDUSÜKSUS) JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
- ^ "International co-operation of Gdynia". Gdynia.pl. Archived from the original on 2016-10-19.
- ^ "Climate normals-Temperature". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
- ^ "Climate normals-Precipitation". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
- ^ "Climate normals-Humidity". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
- ^ "Rekordid" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "Kliimanormid-Sademed, õhuniiskus" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
- ^ "Kunda Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kunda.