A portable or mobile toilet (colloquial terms: thunderbox, porta-john, porta-potty or porta-loo) is any type of toilet that can be moved around, some by one person, some by mechanical equipment such as a truck and crane. Most types do not require any pre-existing services or infrastructure, such as sewerage, and are completely self-contained. The portable toilet is used in a variety of situations, for example in urban slums of developing countries, at festivals, for camping, on boats, on construction sites, and at film locations and large outdoor gatherings where there are no other facilities. Most portable toilets are unisex single units with privacy ensured by a simple lock on the door. Some portable toilets are small molded plastic or fiberglass portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle to catch the human excreta in a container.
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A portable toilet is not connected to a hole in the ground (like a pit latrine), nor to a septic tank, nor is it plumbed into a municipal system leading to a sewage treatment plant. The chemical toilet is probably the most well-known type of portable toilet, but other types also exist, such as urine-diversion dehydration toilets, composting toilets, container-based toilets, bucket toilets, freezing toilets and incineration toilets. A bucket toilet is a very simple type of portable toilet.
Types
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Chemical toilets
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A chemical toilet collects human waste in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize the odors. These chemicals may either mask the odor or contain biocides that hinder odor-causing bacteria from multiplying, keeping the smell to a minimum.[1] Chemical toilets include those on plane and trains (although many of these are now vacuum toilets), as well as much simpler ones.
Portable camping toilets
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A simpler type of portable toilet may be used in travel trailers (caravans, camper vans) and on small boats. They are also referred to as "cassette toilet" or "camping toilet", or under brand names that have become generic trademarks. The Oxford English Dictionary lists "Porta Potti" ("with arbitrary respelling") as "A proprietary name for: a portable chemical toilet, as used by campers", and gives mostly American examples from 1968. The OED gives this proprietary name a second meaning, "a small prefabricated unit containing a toilet, designed for easy transportation and temporary installation esp. outdoors", which Wikipedia covers under chemical toilet.
The other name common in British English is "Elsan", which dates back to 1925.[2] According to the Camping and Caravanning Club, "Today you will often see campsites refer to their Chemical Disposal Points as Elsan Disposal Points because of the history and popularity of the brand."[3] The Canal and River Trust uses both brand names, in lieu of any unbranded term.[4]
One colloquialism for these simple toilets is the "bucket and chuck it" system,[5][6][3] although in fact they no longer resemble an open bucket (see bucket toilet). These are designed to be emptied into sanitary stations connected to the regular sewage system. These toilets are not to be confused with the types that are plumbed in to the vehicle and need to be pumped out at holding tank dump stations.
Urine-diversion dehydration toilets
editPortable urine-diversion dehydration toilets are self-contained dry toilets sometimes referred to as "mobile" or "stand-alone" units. They are identifiable by their one-piece molded plastic shells or, in the case of DIY versions, simple plywood box construction. Most users of self-contained UDDTs rely upon a post-treatment process to ensure pathogen reduction. This post-treatment may consist of long-term storage or addition to an existing or purpose-built compost pile or some combination thereof. The necessity of a post-treatment step hinges upon the frequency and volume of use. For instances of infrequent or very modest seasonal use, a post-treatment phase might be deemed unnecessary due to the lower accumulation of waste, simplifying the overall disposal process.
Others
editA commode chair (a chair enclosing a chamber pot) is a basic portable toilet that was used, for example, in 19th-century Europe.
History
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The close stool, built as an article of furniture, is one of the earliest forms of portable toilet. They can still be seen in historic house museums such as Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site in Old Montreal, Canada. The velvet upholstered close stool used by William III is on display at Hampton Court Palace; see Groom of the Stool.
Early versions of the "Elsan chemical closet" ("closet" meaning a small room, see water closet, WC, and earth closet) were sold at Army & Navy Stores. Their use in World War II bomber aircraft[7] is described at some length by the Bomber Command Museum of Canada; in brief, they were not popular with either the flying crew or the ground crew.[8]
African-Americans living under Jim Crow laws (i.e. before the Civil Rights Act of 1964) faced severe challenges. Public toilets were segregated by race, and many restaurants and gas stations refused to serve black people, so some travellers carried a portable toilet in the trunk of their car.[9]
Since 1974, Grand Canyon guides rafting on the Colorado River have used ammo boxes as portable toilets, typically with a removable toilet seat, according to the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, Arizona.[10][11]
Society and culture
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A slang term, now dated or historic, is a "thunder-box" (Oxford English Dictionary: "a portable commode; by extension, any lavatory"). The term was used particularly in British India; travel writer Stephen McClarence called it "a crude sort of colonial lavatory".[12] One features to comic effect in Evelyn Waugh's novel Men at Arms:[13]
"If you must know, it's my thunderbox." ... He...dragged out the treasure, a brass-bound, oak cube... On the inside of the lid was a plaque bearing the embossed title Connolly's Chemical Closet.
See also
edit- Accessible toilet
- Dignified Mobile Toilets, a mobile public toilet system from Nigeria
- Sanitation
- Telescopic toilet
References
edit- ^ Kauffman, Kenneth (November 1, 2017). "11 Fascinating Facts About Portable Toilets". Nisly Brothers. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
The trade name of the Elsan Manufacturing Co. (1924 Trade Marks Jrnl. 9 Jan., 47) for a type of lavatory in which the sludge is rendered inoffensive by chemical means.
- ^ a b "Toilets". The Camping and Caravanning Club. April 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ "Water points and sewage disposal". Canal & River Trust. March 17, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ "Toilets". Inland Waterways. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "Porta Potty Rental: Technology review of portable toilets". Ircwash. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ Wright, Ken (2010). "And When Nature Calls". Bomber Command Museum of Canada. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ Sugrue, Thomas J. "Driving While Black: The Car and Race Relations in Modern America". Automobile in American Life and Society. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ "A History of the Groover". rowadventures.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ^ "Our History". swca.com. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
- ^ Patterson, Steven (2009). The Cult of Imperial Honor in British India. Springer Publishing. p. 10.
- ^ Ayto, John (1998). The Oxford Dictionary of Slang. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-280104-X.
External links
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