Microcline (KAlSi3O8) is an important igneous rock-forming tectosilicate mineral. It is a potassium-rich alkali feldspar. Microcline typically contains minor amounts of sodium. It is common in granite and pegmatites. Microcline forms during slow cooling of orthoclase; it is more stable at lower temperatures than orthoclase. Sanidine is a polymorph of alkali feldspar stable at yet higher temperature. Microcline may be clear, white, pale-yellow, brick-red, or green; it is generally characterized by cross-hatch twinning that forms as a result of the transformation of monoclinic orthoclase into triclinic microcline.
| Microcline | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Tectosilicate |
| Formula (repeating unit) | KAlSi3O8 |
| IMA symbol | Mcc[1] |
| Space group | P1 (no. 2) |
| Identification | |
| Color | White, grey, greyish yellow, yellowish, tan, salmon-pink, bluish green, green. |
| Crystal habit | Can be anhedral or euhedral. Grains are commonly elongate with a tabular appearance. May contain lamellae which formed from exsolved albite. |
| Twinning | Typically displays albite twinning and pericline twinning. This combination leads to a grid pattern, hence microcline displays gridiron twinning. Can also display carlsbad twinning, simple twins, or lack twinning altogether. Lamellae in microcline are discontinuous and "pinch and swell".
 |
| Cleavage | Has perfect cleavage parallel to {001} and good cleavage on {010}. Cleavages intersect at 90°41'. It can be difficult to see cleavage in thin section due to microcline's low relief. |
| Fracture | Uneven |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 6–6.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent, translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.5–2.6 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial negative |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.514 – 1.529 nβ = 1.518 – 1.533 nγ = 1.521 – 1.539 |
| Birefringence | Up to first order white (roughly 0.007) |
| Pleochroism | N/A |
| 2V angle | 65–88° |
| Extinction | Inclined extinction to cleavage |
| Diagnostic features | Gridiron twinning distinguishes microcline from other feldspars. Distinguishable from plagioclase because the lamellae in plagioclase are continuous and do not "pinch and swell." |
| Alters to | Commonly alters to sericite or clay. |
| Relief | Low negative relief |
| Optical sign | Biaxial negative |
| Color in PPL | Colorless |
The chemical compound name is potassium aluminium silicate, and it is known as E number reference E555.
Geology
editMicrocline may be chemically the same as monoclinic orthoclase, but because it belongs to the triclinic crystal system, the prism angle is slightly less than right angles; hence the name "microcline" from the Greek "small slope". It is a fully ordered triclinic modification of potassium feldspar and is dimorphous with orthoclase. Microcline is identical to orthoclase in many physical properties, and can be distinguished by x-ray or optical examination. When viewed under a polarizing microscope, microcline exhibits a minute multiple twinning which forms a grating-like structure that is unmistakable.
Perthite is either microcline or orthoclase with thin lamellae of exsolved albite.
Amazon stone, or amazonite, is a green variety of microcline. It is not found anywhere in the Amazon Basin, however. The Spanish explorers who named it apparently confused it with another green mineral from that region.
The largest documented single crystals of microcline were found in Devil's Hole Beryl Mine, Colorado, US and measured ~50 × 36 × 14 m. This could be one of the largest crystals of any material found so far.[2]
Microcline is exceptionally active ice-nucleating agent in the atmosphere.[3] Recently it has been possible to understand how water binds to the microcline surface.[4]
As food additive
editThe chemical compound name is potassium aluminium silicate, and it is known as E number reference E555. It was the subject in 2018 of a Call for technical and toxicological data from the EFSA.[5]
In 2008, it (along with other Aluminum compounds) was the subject of a Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials from the EFSA.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ L.N. Warr (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ P.C. Rickwood (1981). "The largest crystals" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 885–907.
- ^ J.D. Atkinson, B.J. Murray, M.T. Woodhouse, T.F. Whale, K.J. Baustian, K.S. Carslaw, S. Dobbie, D. O'Sullivan, T.L. Malkin (2013). "The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds". Nature. 498 (7454): 355–358. Bibcode:2013Natur.498..355A. doi:10.1038/nature12278. PMID 23760484.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ G. Franceschi, A. Conti, L. Lezuo, R. Abart, F. Mittendorfer, M. Schmid, U. Diebold (2024). "How Water Binds to Microcline Feldspar (001)". Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 15 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03235. PMC 10788961. PMID 38156776.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Call for technical and toxicological data on sodium aluminium silicate (E 554) and potassium aluminium silicate (E 555) authorised as food additives in the EU". EFSA. 7 November 2018.
- ^ F. Aguilar, H. Autrup, S. Barlow, L. Castle, R. Crebelli, W. Dekant, K.-H. Engel, N. Gontard, D. Gott, S. Grilli, R. Gürtler, J.-C. Larsen, C. Leclercq, J.-C. Leblanc, F.-X. Malcata, W. Mennes, M.-R. Milana, I. Pratt, I. Rietjens, P. Tobback, F. Toldrá. (2008). "Safety of aluminium from dietary intake[1] – Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC)". EFSA Journal. 6 (7): 754. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.754. PMC 10193631. PMID 37213837.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)