Prince-Bishopric of Trent

This article is about the ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire. For the corresponding diocese, see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trento.

The Prince-Bishopric of Trent (Latin: Episcopatus ac Principatus Tridentinus; German: Hochstift Trient, Fürstbistum Trient, Bistum Trient) was an ecclesiastical principality roughly corresponding to the present-day Northern Italian autonomous province of Trentino. It was created in 1027 and existed until 1803, when it was secularised and absorbed into the County of Tyrol held by the House of Habsburg. Trent was a Hochstift, an Imperial State under the authority of a prince-bishop at Trento.

Prince-Bishopric of Trent Principato Vescovile di Trento (Italian) Hochstift Trient (German) Episcopatus ac Principatus Tridentinus (Latin)
1027–1803
Top: Flag until 1796 Bottom: Flag from 1801 to 1802 Coat of arms
Bishopric of Trent within the Holy Roman Empire in 1648; Ecclesiastical lands shaded in pale blue
Status	Prince-Bishopric
Capital	Trento
Common languages	Latin, Italian, German, Ladin
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Government	Prince-Bishopric
Prince-bishop
• 1027–1055	Udalrico II
• 1800–1803	Emanuele Maria Thun
Historical era	Middle Ages Early modern period
• Separated from Verona by Conrad II	1027
• Bishops deposed by Frederick II	1236
• Declared a commune	1425
• Council of Trent	1545–1563
• Napoleonic invasion	1796
• Secularised to Tyrol	1803
• Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire	6 August 1806
Preceded by Succeeded by March of Verona County of Tyrol

History

Middle Ages

A first Bishop of Trent is recorded as a participant of the synod at Aquileia in 381. The area was part of the Lombard Kingdom and the Kingdom of Italy, until the 951 campaign of German king Otto I against King Berengar II of Italy. In 952 Berengar had to cede the March of Verona to Otto, who enfeoffed his younger brother Duke Henry I of Bavaria.

Trento Cathedral

From 1004 Emperor Henry II the Saint and his successor Conrad II separated several smaller territories in the northeast of the Veronese march and granted them to the Trient diocese. Originally a Bavarian fief, by 1027 the prince-bishopric was established by Conrad II, together with the similar Prince-Bishopric of Brixen. The states were created to favor passage to Imperial armies across the Alps towards Italy along the two ancient roads, the Via Claudia-Augusta and the Via Altinate, entrusting the area to two bishops instead of often rebellious lay princes.

The prince-bishops were true Holy Roman Empire princes, and enjoyed the right to take part to Imperial diets. The princes of Trento maintained a strong allegiance to the Emperor, even when the latter was excommunicated: this because they need his protection against the growing power of subjects like the counts of Tyrol, who controlled the area around Bozen, those of Eppan, and others. In one of the attempts to reassure his temporal authority over these lesser but fierce nobles, the bishop Adelpreto was slaughtered at Arco, on 20 September 1172, by the lords of Castelbarco. The supremacy of the prince-bishops of Trento and Brixen were however re-established by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1179 and again by his son Henry VI of Hohenstaufen. The bishop earned the right to have a coin of his own and to impose tolls.

The Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen interwoven with the Habsburg County of Tyrol, 18th century

The principate was reorganized and reformed by bishop Federico Wanga (1207–18), a relative of Emperor Otto IV. Allied with the Bishop of Brixen and allowing wide estates to the Teutonic Knights he managed to thwart at all the nobles' strength, and recovered much of the territories lost in the past years. In order to state in a definitive way his authority he also collected all the official documents certificating the bishop's authority in the so-called Book of St Vigilius (Codex Wangianus), Vigilius being the patron saint of Trento. Moreover, Federico supported trading over the Adige way across the Alps, and made concessions to the middle class. The drying of the valley allowed the area to become one of the most renowned of Italy for the production of wine. The statute issued by Federico on 19 June 1208 is considered the most ancient official document concerning the Alps mining industry. The city was encircled with a new line of walls and towers, and the building of the Cathedral was commenced.

The death of Wanga in the Holy Land, during a Crusade, stopped his reforms. In 1236 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen deposed the bishops and ensured to himself the authority over the important military area of Trento, annexing it to the Mark of Treviso — the administration was entrusted to his faithful friend, Ezzelino III da Romano at Verona.

In the 13th century the Counts of Tyrol took advantage of the confused situation to carve out a conspicuous power as a Vogt for himself, much at the loss of the Bishops of Chur, Brixen, the Archbishopric of Salzburg and Trento itself. Count Meinhard II of Tyrol (1258–1295), also Duke of Carinthia from 1286, totally subjected the bishops of Trento and Brixen under his power, and reorganized his new state along the more modern lines inspired to those of other Italian principalities. In the 14th century, during the disputes between the rival emperors Charles IV of Luxembourg and Louis IV of Wittelsbach, the principality suffered several destructions and was temporarily again annexed to the latter's Bavarian territories. The threat by Tyrol increased, when in 1363 Countess Margaret Maultasch ceded her lands to Rudolf IV of Austria from the mighty House of Habsburg.

15th and 16th centuries

In 1419 the bishop George I of Liechtenstein (1390–1419) escaped the subjugation to Tyrol submitting directly to the emperor, but this did not prevent the bishops to lose further authority over the city and the countryside in the course of the 15th century, even though an attempt by the citizens to create a republic in 1407 was bloodily suppressed. In 1425 Trento was declared a commune. Another revolt broke out ten years later, and Austro-Tyrolese troops invaded the territory of the principality. In the following year, the bishops struggled in order to thwart the growing power of the Habsburgs, and in the end the principality reduced to an effective subjugation to Austrian authority.

In June 1511 the two principalities of Trento and Brixen received the status of "perpetual confederate" states among Austrian possessions. The peace of 1516 with the Republic of Venice, however, reduced the principality to a discontinuous enclave between large Habsburg possessions. During the war against Venice, in 1509, the territory had been ravaged by Landsknechts returning from a failed expedition against Vicenza. This was followed by pestilences in 1510 and 1512, famines in 1512, 1519 and 1520, and an earthquake in 1521: these grievous happenings spurred the beginning of forms of resistance against Habsburg rule. A true rebellion broke out in 1525, called Bauernkrieg or "contadine revolt". The rebellers were led by Michael Gaismayr, who had devised a complex plan of liberation of all the territories of Brixen and Trento and program of social freedom based on equalitary principles (Landesordnung).

The rebels, however, lacked organisation and were easily suppressed in 1526 by Austrian mercenaries and by the bishop Bernardo Clesio, who ferociously exterminated them in the battles of the Eisack valley and Sterzing. The rebellion leaders were beheaded, hanged or mutilated, while the simple followers were released but with a "mark of infamy" impressed on their brow. Any dream of further revolt ended when Gasmayr was murdered by the archduke's killer in Padua in 1532. Some thousand of Tyrolese and Trentine rebels took shelter in Moravia, near Auspitz, where they established "fraternal farms" (Bruderhöfe).

Bishop Cardinal Bernardo Clesio is considered the true refounder (Neubegründer) of the authority of the princes of Trento. An adviser of emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and a friend of Erasmus of Rotterdam, he played an important role in the election of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg at Frankfurt in 1519, and in that of his brother Ferdinand I as King of Bohemia in 1526. His personal charisma reverted the subalterne status of the Trento state between the Habsburg territories, gaining the seignory of Castelbarco and Rovereto. His statute of the city, issued in 1528, remained in use until 1807. Under Clesio's rule Trento was renovated with a new urbanistic asset, and a new great church, S. Maria Maggiore: these were needed in order to host the important and influential Council of Trent (1545–63), and, after the sudden death of Clesio in 1539, were completed by his successor, cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo. Also the economy and services were greatly improved. The presence of famous intellectual and scholars during the Council, spurred the diffusion of Renaissance in the principality. The introduction of the Counter-Reformation in the principality brought also a general recover of the Italian language over the German one, as the Protestant ideas had found more followers in the German-speaking population.

This "Golden Age", however, was ended by Emperor Ferdinand I, who invaded the Trentine territories, occupying Rovereto and, in 1567, declaring the Confederation Treaty over. The dispute was settled only in 1578, when the Imperial Diet reinstated the prince-bishops' suzerainty.

Modern Age

In the 17th century the principality suffered the economic consequences of the Thirty Years' War and the decline of Venetian trade. The principality was held by the Madruzzo family (who also indirectly controlled Brixen) until 1658, with the death of Carlo Emanuele. Emperor Leopold I of Habsburg assigned therefore the principality to his cousin Archduke Sigismund Francis, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria. Relationships with the Austrian Empire were again settled in 1662. Three years later, however, Sigismund Francis died and the principality was included in the Habsburg emperors' direct dominions. This however did not mean the loss of his semi-independent status, and several outstanding results were obtained anyway — the balance active of 1683, the completion of the Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, and the drying of the marshes in the Adige valley. Rice cultivation was introduced in the lands obtained.

The situation worsened at the beginning of the 18th century, when the Trentino and the Tyrol were invaded by French and Bavarian armies, and Trento itself was bombed for six days in September 1703. But the most dangerous menace to the principality status were the claims of emperor Charles VI of Habsburg to reunite under the Habsburg crown all the hereditary territories of his house. The bishops continued their struggle for independence against the growing Austrian prominence, until Napoleon's invasion of 1796.

Aftermath

The Principality of Trent (in pink) in 1804

Following the 1801 Treaty of Lunéville, the prince-bishopric in 1803 was secularized as the Principality of Trent, later part of the County of Tyrol, an Alpine crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1804. With Tyrol it was annexed by the Kingdom of Bavaria according to the 1805 Peace of Pressburg, passed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1810 and in 1814 was again incorporated into the Austrian crown land of Tyrol.

Due to its predominantly Italian speaking population, the Trentino (Venezia Tridentina) was claimed by the Italian irredentism movement. It however remained a part of the Tyrolean crown land (Welschtirol), even after Austria had to cede the adjacent Veneto region after the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866. According to the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain the territory of the former Trent bishopric together with the southern part of the original County of Tyrol fell to the Kingdom of Italy.

List of prince-bishops

Name	Period
Ulrich II	1027–1055 (bishop from 1022)
Azzo	1055–1065
vacant
Henry I	1068–1082
Bernard II	1082–1084
Adalbero	1084–1106
Gebhard	1106–1120
Albert I	1120–1124
Altmann	1124–1149
Arnold II	1149–1154
Eberhard	1154–1156
St. Albert II	1156–1177
Salomon	1177–1183
Albert III di Madruzzo	1184–1188
Conrad II di Beseno	1188–1205
vacant
Federico Wanga	1207–1218
Albert IV von Ravenstein	1219–1223
Gerard I Oscasali	1223–1232
Aldrighetto di Castelcampo	1232–1247
Egno von Eppan	1250–1273
Henry II	1273–1289
Philipp Buonacolsi	1289–1303
Bartholomew Querini	1303–1307
Henry III von Metz	1310–1336
Nikolaus Abrein	1338–1347
Gerard II of Magnoco	1347–1348
John III of Pistoia	1348–1349
Meinhard von Neuhaus	1349–1362
Albert V von Ortenburg	1363–1390
George I von Liechtenstein	1390–1419
Armand de Cilli	1421
Ernst Auer	1422
Henry IV Flechtel	1422–1423
Alexander of Masovia	1424–1444
Benedikt	1444–1446
Theobald von Wolkenstein	1444–1446 (Anti-Bishop)
George II Haak von Themeswald	1446–1465
Johannes Hinderbach	1465–1486
Ulrich III von Frundsberg	1486–1493
Ulrich IV von Liechtenstein	1493–1505
George II von Neideck	1505–1514
Bernardo III Clesio	1514–1539
Cristoforo Madruzzo	1539–1567
Ludovico Madruzzo	1567–1600
Carlo Gaudenzio Madruzzo	1600–1629
Carlo Emanuele Madruzzo	1629–1658
Sigismund Francis of Austria	1659–1665
Ernst Adalbert von Harrach	1665–1667
Sigismund Alfons von Thun	1668–1677
Francesco Alberti di Pola	1677–1689
Giuseppe Vittorio Alberti di Enno	1689–1695
Johann Michael Graf von Spaur	7 March 1696 - 22 April 1725
Giovanni Benedetto Gentilotti	9 September 1725 - 20 September 1725
Anton Dominik Graf von Wolkenstein	26 November 1725 - 5 April 1730
Dominik Anton Graf von Thun	19 June 1730 - 7 September 1758
Leopold Ernest Graf von Firmian	1748 - 7 September (?) 1758
Francesco Felice Alberti di Enno	7 September (?) 1758 - 31 December 1762
Cristoforo Francesco Sizzo de Norris	2 July 1763 - 1776
Peter Michael Vigil Graf von Thun und Hohenstein	29 May 1776 - 17 January 1800
Emmanuel Maria Graf von Thun und Hohenstein	2 April 1800 - 6 November 1802 (continued as a secularized prince until February 1803)

External links

• Map of the Tyrol in 1766