Principense Creole (endonym: Lunguyê) is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe, specifically the island of Príncipe. There are two Portuguese creoles on the island of São Tomé, Angolar and Forro.[2] Today, younger generations of São Toméans are not likely to speak Principense, which has led to its fast decline and moribund status.[3] It is mostly spoken by the elderly (Ethnologue gives a figure of approximately 200 native speakers in total), while most of the island's community speaks noncreole Portuguese; some also speak another, closely related creole, Forro.
| Principense Creole | |
|---|---|
| Lunguyê | |
| Native to | São Tomé and Príncipe |
Native speakers | 200 (2021)[1] |
Portuguese-based creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pre |
| Glottolog | prin1242 |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAC-acb |
 Location of São Tomé and Príncipe | |
Principense presents many similarities with the Forro on São Tomé and may be regarded as a Forro dialect. Like Forro, it is a creole language heavily lexified by Portuguese with substrates of Bantu and Kwa.
References
edit- ^ Principense Creole at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Holm, John A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: Reference Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-521-35940-5.
- ^ Estudo do Léxico do São-Tomense com Dicionário, Carlos Fontes - Universidade de Coimbra.
Further reading
edit- Schuchardt, Hugo (1889). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch IV. Zum Negerportugiesischen der Ilha do Principe" [Contributions to the knowledge of Romance Creoles IV. On the Negro Portuguese of Ilha do Principe]. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (in German). 13: 464–475.
- Günther, Wilfried (1973). Das portugiesische Kreolisch der Ilha do Príncipe [The Portuguese Creole of Ilha do Príncipe]. Marburg an der Lahn.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Maurer, Philippe (2009). Principense (Lung'Ie): Grammar, Texts, and Vocabulary of the Afro-Portuguese Creole of the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea. London: Battlebridge.
- Araujo, Vanessa Pinheiro de (2012). Um dicionário principense-português [A Principe-Portuguese dictionary] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/d.8.2013.tde-11062013-101052.
- Agostinho, Ana Lívia (2015). Fonologia e método pedagógico do lung'le [Phonology and pedagogical method of Lung'le] (Doctor's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/t.8.2014.tde-22062015-141126.
External links
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