The Progressive Party of the Philippines (PPP), also known as the Party for Philippine Progress, was a reformist political party that existed in the late 1950s and the 1960s. It is considered to be the earliest Filipino form of a genuine alternative party to the then-dominant political pair of the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party. The party ceased to exist by 1969.
Progressive Party of the Philippines | |
|---|---|
| Founder | Manuel Manahan Raul Manglapus |
| Founded | 1957 |
| Dissolved | 1969 |
| Split from | Nacionalista |
| Ideology | Progressivism |
| Political position | Centre-left |
History
edit1950s
editThe party was founded in 1957 by Manuel Manahan and Raul Manglapus, both of whom had served as key members of the administration of President Ramon Magsaysay before his untimely death earlier that year. The formation came as a result of the dissatisfaction of members of the Nacionalista Party over the "cold treatment" given to them by allies of newly installed President Carlos P. Garcia.[1]
In the 1957 general election held later that year, Manahan ran as the standard-bearer of the new party while Vicente Araneta served as his running mate. The party also fielded a complete slate of eight senatorial candidates, among them being Manglapus.
Manahan launched a campaign similar to that of the deceased but still popular Magsaysay, thus allowing him to become popular with the masses and pose a credible threat to President Garcia and Jose Yulo of the Liberal Party.[1] In the end, Manahan only ranked third behind President Garcia, managing to acquire 20.90 percent of the vote. Araneta, on the other hand, lost to Diosdado Macapagal of the Liberal Party, garnering 7.97 percent of the vote.[2] None of the senatorial candidates in the party won seats in the Senate.
In the 1959 midterm election, the party allied itself with defectors of the Liberal Party and the Nacionalista Party to form the Grand Alliance.[3] During the campaign, the Grand Alliance highlighted the graft and corruption taking place under the Garcia administration. Eventually, the Alliance was successful in diminishing the Senate majority of the Nacionalista Party.[4]
1960s
editIn 1961, the Progressive party, under the Grand Alliance, joined forces with the Liberal Party in order to prevent the re-election of President Garcia.[3] Together, the united parties supported Vice-President Macapagal of the Liberal Party as its candidate for the 1961 presidential election and Emmanuel Pelaez of the Progressive Party as his running mate.[5] Progressives Manglapus and Manahan also ran as guest senatorial candidates of the Liberal Party, with both of them managing to win seats in the Senate.
By 1965, members of the Grand Alliance separated themselves from the Liberal Party due to their dissatisfaction with the Macapagal administration for not fulfilling their expectations.[3] Soon, the Progressive Party was renamed as the Party for Philippine Progress. It fielded Manglapus as its presidential candidate for the general election held later that year, and Manahan ran as its vice-presidential candidate. The rejuvenated party also fielded its own senatorial slate, though it was incomplete.
Widely known as the Third Force, the Party for Philippine Progress was seen as a genuine alternative to President Macapagal and Senator Ferdinand Marcos of the Nacionalista Party. Manglapus, in particular, showed surprising strength in the larger cities and the young voters.[6] But unlike the 1957 election in which Manahan was seen as a viable contender, Manglapus was not seen as having a good chance of winning the election.[7] In the end, Manglapus lost to Marcos with 5.17 percent of the vote, while Manahan lost to Fernando Lopez, the running mate of Marcos, with 3.40 percent of the vote.[2]
The party continued to exist until it quietly disbanded in 1969.[8]
Members
editCandidates
editThe following were members of the Progressive Party who ran as candidates in the national elections. Those highlighted in bold signify those who were able to win the position they were running for.
| Year | President | Vice President | Senators |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1957 | Manuel Manahan | Vicente Araneta | Eleuterio Adevoso Jaime Ferrer Josefa Gonzales-Estrada Jose M. Hernandez Raul Manglapus Fulvio Pelaez Rodrigo Perez Jr. Norberto Romualdez Jr. |
| 1959[note 1] | None[note 2] | None[note 3] | Manuel Manahan Raul Manglapus |
| 1961[note 4] | None[note 5] | Emmanuel Pelaez | Manuel Manahan Raul Manglapus |
| 1965[note 6] | Raul Manglapus | Manuel Manahan | Vicente Araneta Jose Feria Benjamin Gaston Dionisio Ojeda |
- Notes
Others
editElectoral performance
editPresident and Vice President
edit| Year | Presidential election | Vice presidential election | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Votes | Vote share | Result | Candidate | Votes | Vote share | Result | |
| 1957 | Manuel Manahan | 1,049,420 | Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) |
Vicente Araneta | 1,375,090 | Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal) | ||
| 1961 | None[n 1] | Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal) |
None[n 2] | Emmanuel Pelaez (Liberal) | ||||
| 1965 | Raul Manglapus | 384,564 | Ferdinand E. Marcos (Nacionalista) |
Manuel Manahan | 247,426 | Fernando Lopez (Nacionalista) | ||
Senate
edit
Senateedit
|
House of Representativesedit
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- ^ Endorsed the candidacy of Diosdado Macapagal of Liberal Party.
- ^ Endorsed the candidacy of Emmanuel Pelaez of Liberal Party.
Legacy
editDespite the decline of the party, it had considerable influence in current Philippine politics. For instance, the Lakas CMD, an active center-right political party in the country, considers the Progressive Party as its predecessor, largely because Manglapus was one of the earliest members of Lakas in the 1990s.[11]
Elements of progressive political philosophy are also believed to have been passed on to later politicians no matter what part of the political spectrum they may belong to, such as former senator Raul Roco.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b "Filipino idol is "alive" again". Sydney Morning Herald. November 3, 1957. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ a b "Results of the Past Presidential & Vice-Presidential Elections". The Philippine Presidency Project. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ a b c Tubangui, Helen R., Bauzon, Leslie E., Foronda, Marcelino Jr. A., Ausejo, Luz U. The Filipino Nation: A Concise History of the Philippines. Grolier International, 1982.
- ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People, 8th ed.. Garotech Publishing, 1990.
- ^ Wurfel, David. The Philippine Elections: Support for Democracy Asian Survey, 2(3), 25-37. May 1962.
- ^ "Philippine Presidential Election Nears Climax; Result is Uncertain". The Morning Press. November 8, 1965. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "Vote in Philippines". St. Joseph News-Press. November 8, 1965. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Nohlen, Dieter, Grotz, Florian, Hartmann, Christof. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. Oxford University Press, 2001.
- ^ "Resume of Senator Gordon". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Tuazon, Bobby (July 28, 2002). "Ople: Martial Law Defender, Foreign Affairs Chief". Bulatlat. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "Our Party". Lakas Kampi Christian Muslim Democrats. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
- ^ Greenberg, Andy (2006). "Raul S. Roco, 63, Filipino Leader and Voice for Education". Penn Law Journal. 41 (1). University of Pennsylvania Law School. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2011.