In proof theory, ordinal analysis assigns ordinals (often large countable ordinals) to mathematical theories as a measure of their strength. If theories have the same proof-theoretic ordinal they are often equiconsistent, and if one theory has a larger proof-theoretic ordinal than another it can often prove the consistency of the second theory.

In addition to obtaining the proof-theoretic ordinal of a theory, in practice ordinal analysis usually also yields various other pieces of information about the theory being analyzed, for example characterizations of the classes of provably recursive, hyperarithmetical, or functions of the theory.[1]

History

edit

The field of ordinal analysis was formed when Gerhard Gentzen in 1934 used cut elimination to prove, in modern terms, that the proof-theoretic ordinal of Peano arithmetic is ε0. See Gentzen's consistency proof.

Definition

edit

Ordinal analysis concerns true, effective (recursive) theories that can interpret a sufficient portion of arithmetic to make statements about ordinal notations.

The proof-theoretic ordinal of such a theory   is the supremum of the order types of all ordinal notations (necessarily recursive, see next section) that the theory can prove are well founded—the supremum of all ordinals   for which there exists a notation   in Kleene's sense such that   proves that   is an ordinal notation. Equivalently, it is the supremum of all ordinals   such that there exists a recursive relation   on   (the set of natural numbers) that well-orders it with ordinal   and such that   proves transfinite induction of arithmetical statements for  .

Ordinal notations

edit

Some theories, such as subsystems of second-order arithmetic, have no conceptualization or way to make arguments about transfinite ordinals. For example, to formalize what it means for a subsystem   of Z2 to "prove   well-ordered", we instead construct an ordinal notation   with order type  .   can now work with various transfinite induction principles along  , which substitute for reasoning about set-theoretic ordinals.

However, some pathological notation systems exist that are unexpectedly difficult to work with. For example, Rathjen gives a primitive recursive notation system   that is well-founded iff PA is consistent,[2]p. 3 despite having order type   - including such a notation in the ordinal analysis of PA would result in the false equality  .

Upper bound

edit

Since an ordinal notation must be recursive, the proof-theoretic ordinal of any theory is less than or equal to the Church–Kleene ordinal  . In particular, the proof-theoretic ordinal of an inconsistent theory is equal to  , because an inconsistent theory trivially proves that all ordinal notations are well-founded.

For any theory that's both  -axiomatizable and  -sound, the existence of a recursive ordering that the theory fails to prove is well-ordered follows from the   bounding theorem, and said provably well-founded ordinal notations are in fact well-founded by  -soundness. Thus the proof-theoretic ordinal of a  -sound theory that has a   axiomatization will always be a (countable) recursive ordinal, that is, strictly less than  . [2]Theorem 2.21

Examples

edit

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal ω

edit
  • Q, Robinson arithmetic (although the definition of the proof-theoretic ordinal for such weak theories has to be tweaked)[citation needed].
  • PA, the first-order theory of the nonnegative part of a discretely ordered ring.

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal ω2

edit
  • RFA, rudimentary function arithmetic.[3]
  • 0, arithmetic with induction on Δ0-predicates without any axiom asserting that exponentiation is total.

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal ω3

edit

Friedman's grand conjecture suggests that much "ordinary" mathematics can be proved in weak systems having this as their proof-theoretic ordinal.

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal ωn (for n = 2, 3, ... ω)

edit
  • 0 or EFA augmented by an axiom ensuring that each element of the n-th level   of the Grzegorczyk hierarchy is total.

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal ωω

edit

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal ε0

edit

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal the Feferman–Schütte ordinal Γ0

edit

This ordinal is sometimes considered to be the upper limit for "predicative" theories.

Theories with proof-theoretic ordinal the Bachmann–Howard ordinal

edit

The Kripke-Platek or CZF set theories are weak set theories without axioms for the full powerset given as set of all subsets. Instead, they tend to either have axioms of restricted separation and formation of new sets, or they grant existence of certain function spaces (exponentiation) instead of carving them out from bigger relations.

Theories with larger proof-theoretic ordinals

edit
Unsolved problem in mathematics:
What is the proof-theoretic ordinal of full second-order arithmetic?[4]
  •  , Π11 comprehension has a rather large proof-theoretic ordinal, which was described by Takeuti in terms of "ordinal diagrams",[5]p. 13 and which is bounded by ψ0ω) in Buchholz's notation. It is also the ordinal of  , the theory of finitely iterated inductive definitions. And also the ordinal of MLW, Martin-Löf type theory with indexed W-Types Setzer (2004).
  • IDω, the theory of ω-iterated inductive definitions. Its proof-theoretic ordinal is equal to the Takeuti-Feferman-Buchholz ordinal.
  • T0, Feferman's constructive system of explicit mathematics has a larger proof-theoretic ordinal, which is also the proof-theoretic ordinal of the KPi, Kripke–Platek set theory with iterated admissibles and  .
  • KPi, an extension of Kripke–Platek set theory based on a recursively inaccessible ordinal, has a very large proof-theoretic ordinal   described in a 1983 paper of Jäger and Pohlers, where I is the smallest inaccessible.[6] This ordinal is also the proof-theoretic ordinal of  .
  • KPM, an extension of Kripke–Platek set theory based on a recursively Mahlo ordinal, has a very large proof-theoretic ordinal θ, which was described by Rathjen (1990).
  • TTM, an extension of Martin-Löf type theory by one Mahlo-universe, has an even larger proof-theoretic ordinal  .
  •   has a proof-theoretic ordinal equal to  , where   refers to the first weakly compact, due to (Rathjen 1993)
  •   has a proof-theoretic ordinal equal to  , where   refers to the first  -indescribable and  , due to (Stegert 2010).
  •   has a proof-theoretic ordinal equal to   where   is a cardinal analogue of the least ordinal   which is  -stable for all   and  , due to (Stegert 2010).

Most theories capable of describing the power set of the natural numbers have proof-theoretic ordinals that are so large that no explicit combinatorial description has yet been given. This includes  , full second-order arithmetic ( ) and set theories with powersets including ZF and ZFC. The strength of intuitionistic ZF (IZF) equals that of ZF.

Table of ordinal analyses

edit
Table of proof-theoretic ordinals
Ordinal First-order arithmetic Second-order arithmetic Kripke-Platek set theory Type theory Constructive set theory Explicit mathematics
   ,  
   ,  
   ,    ,  
 [1]  ,  
   ,  [7]p. 13  [7]p. 13,  [7]p. 13  
   [8][7]p. 13  [9]: 40 
   [7]p. 13  [7]p. 13,  ,  [7]p. 13,  [10]p. 8  [11]p. 869  
   ,[12]  [13]: 8 
   [14]p. 959
   ,[15][13]  ,[16]: 7   [15]p. 17,  [15]p. 5
   ,  [15]p. 52
     ,  [17]  
   ,  [18]p. 17,  [18]p. 17  [19]p. 140,  [19]p. 140,  [19]p. 140,  [10]p. 8  [11]p. 870    
   [10]p. 27,  [10]p. 27
   [20]p.9
 [2]  
   ,[21]  ,  [18]p. 22,  [18]p. 22,  [22]  ,  ,  ,[23]  [24]p. 26  [11]p. 878,  [11]p. 878  ,  
   [25]p.13
     [26]  
     [16]: 7   
     [16]: 7   
     
   ,  [27]  [28]p.1167,  [28]p.1167    
   [27]  [28]p.1167,  [28]p.1167
   [27]: 11 
   [29]p.233,  [29]p.233  [30]p.276  [30]p.276
   [29]p.233,  [16]  [30]p.277  [30]p.277
   [16]: 7 
   ,[31]  [16]: 7 
   [16]: 7 
 [3]    [10]p. 8  ,[2]  ,  [11]p. 869      
   [10]p. 31,  [10]p. 31,  [10]p. 31
   [32]
   [10]p. 33,  [10]p. 33,  [10]p. 33
 [4]  ,  [24]p. 26,  [24]p. 26,  [24]p. 26,  [24]p. 26,  [24]p. 26  [24]p. 26,  [24]p. 26
   
   [4]p. 28  [4]p. 28,    
   [33]
     [34]p. 14  
   [35]
   [33]
   [33]
 [5]      
     [4]p. 28
     [4]p. 28,    
   [6]
   ,  ,  [36]  ,  
   ,  ,  , , ,  [36]: 72   ,[36]: 72   ,[36]: 72 

 ,  [36]: 72 

   ,  ,  [36]: 72   [36]: 72 
   ,  ,  [36]: 72   [36]: 72 
   ,  [36]: 72   [36]: 72 
   ,  ,  [36]: 72   ,  [36]: 72 
   ,  ,  [36]: 72   ,  [36]: 72 
 [7]  [4]p. 28,        
   [37]: 38 
 [8]    
 [9]  
 [10]  [38]    
 [11]  [39]  [39]
 [12]  [40]
 [13]  [41]
 [14]  [41]
 [42]  ,[42]  [43]
 [42]  ,    
 [44]  ,    
?  [44]  ,      [45]

This is a list of symbols used in this table:

  • ψ represents various ordinal collapsing functions as defined in their respective citations.
  • Ψ represents either Rathjen's or Stegert's Psi.
  • φ represents Veblen's function.
  • ω represents the first transfinite ordinal.
  • εα represents the epsilon numbers.
  • Γα represents the gamma numbers (Γ0 is the Feferman–Schütte ordinal)
  • Ωα represent the uncountable ordinals (Ω1, abbreviated Ω, is ω1). Countability is considered necessary for an ordinal to be regarded as proof theoretic.
  •   is an ordinal term denoting a stable ordinal, and   the least admissible ordinal above  .
  •   is an ordinal term denoting an ordinal such that  ; N is a variable that defines a series of ordinal analyses of the results of   forall  . when N=1,  

This is a list of the abbreviations used in this table:

  • First-order arithmetic
    •   is Robinson arithmetic
    •   is the first-order theory of the nonnegative part of a discretely ordered ring.
    •   is rudimentary function arithmetic.
    •   is arithmetic with induction restricted to Δ0-predicates without any axiom asserting that exponentiation is total.
    •   is elementary function arithmetic.
    •   is arithmetic with induction restricted to Δ0-predicates augmented by an axiom asserting that exponentiation is total.
    •   is elementary function arithmetic augmented by an axiom ensuring that each element of the n-th level   of the Grzegorczyk hierarchy is total.
    •   is   augmented by an axiom ensuring that each element of the n-th level   of the Grzegorczyk hierarchy is total.
    •   is primitive recursive arithmetic.
    •   is arithmetic with induction restricted to Σ1-predicates.
    •   is Peano arithmetic.
    •   is   but with induction only for positive formulas.
    •   extends PA by ν iterated fixed points of monotone operators.
    •   is not exactly a first-order arithmetic system, but captures what one can get by predicative reasoning based on the natural numbers.
    •   is autonomously iterated   (in other words, once an ordinal is defined, it can be used to index a new series of definitions.)
    •   extends PA by ν iterated least fixed points of monotone operators.
    •   is not exactly a first-order arithmetic system, but captures what one can get by predicative reasoning based on ν-times iterated generalized inductive definitions.
    •   is autonomously iterated  .
    •   is a weakened version of   based on W-types.
    •   is a transfinite induction of length α no more than  -formulas. It happens to be the representation of the ordinal notation when used in first-order arithmetic.
  • Second-order arithmetic

In general, a subscript 0 means that the induction scheme is restricted to a single set induction axiom.

    •   is a second order form of   sometimes used in reverse mathematics.
    •   is a second order form of   sometimes used in reverse mathematics.
    •   is recursive comprehension.
    •   is weak Kőnig's lemma.
    •   is arithmetical comprehension.
    •   is   plus the full second-order induction scheme.
    •   is arithmetical transfinite recursion.
    •   is   plus the full second-order induction scheme.
    •   is   plus the assertion "every true  -sentence with parameters holds in a (countable coded)  -model of  ".
  • Kripke-Platek set theory
    •   is Kripke-Platek set theory with the axiom of infinity.
    •   is Kripke-Platek set theory, whose universe is an admissible set containing  .
    •   is a weakened version of   based on W-types.
    •   asserts that the universe is a limit of admissible sets.
    •   is a weakened version of   based on W-types.
    •   asserts that the universe is inaccessible sets.
    •   asserts that the universe is hyperinaccessible: an inaccessible set and a limit of inaccessible sets.
    •   asserts that the universe is a Mahlo set.
    •   is   augmented by a certain first-order reflection scheme.
    •   is KPi augmented by the axiom  .
    •   is KPI augmented by the assertion "at least one recursively Mahlo ordinal exists".
    •   is   with an axiom stating that 'there exists a non-empty and transitive set M such that  '.

A superscript zero indicates that  -induction is removed (making the theory significantly weaker).

  • Type theory
    •   is the Herbelin-Patey Calculus of Primitive Recursive Constructions.
    •   is type theory without W-types and with   universes.
    •   is type theory without W-types and with finitely many universes.
    •   is type theory with a next universe operator.
    •   is type theory without W-types and with a superuniverse.
    •   is an automorphism on type theory without W-types.
    •   is type theory with one universe and Aczel's type of iterative sets.
    •   is type theory with indexed W-Types.
    •   is type theory with W-types and one universe.
    •   is type theory with W-types and finitely many universes.
    •   is an automorphism on type theory with W-types.
    •   is type theory with a Mahlo universe.
    •   is System F, also polymorphic lambda calculus or second-order lambda calculus.
  • Constructive set theory
    •   is Aczel's constructive set theory.
    •   is   plus the regular extension axiom.
    •   is   plus the full-second order induction scheme.
    •   is   with a Mahlo universe.
  • Explicit mathematics
    •   is basic explicit mathematics plus elementary comprehension
    •   is   plus join rule
    •   is   plus join axioms
    •   is a weak variant of the Feferman's  .
    •   is  , where   is inductive generation.
    •   is  , where   is the full second-order induction scheme.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
1.^ For  
2.^ The Veblen function   with countably infinitely iterated least fixed points.[clarification needed]
3.^ Can also be commonly written as   in Madore's ψ.
4.^ Uses Madore's ψ rather than Buchholz's ψ.
5.^ Can also be commonly written as   in Madore's ψ.
6.^   represents the first recursively weakly compact ordinal. Uses Arai's ψ rather than Buchholz's ψ.
7.^ Also the proof-theoretic ordinal of  , as the amount of weakening given by the W-types is not enough.
8.^   represents the first inaccessible cardinal. Uses Jäger's ψ rather than Buchholz's ψ.
9.^   represents the limit of the  -inaccessible cardinals. Uses (presumably) Jäger's ψ.
10.^  represents the limit of the  -inaccessible cardinals. Uses (presumably) Jäger's ψ.
11.^   represents the first Mahlo cardinal. Uses Rathjen's ψ rather than Buchholz's ψ.
12.^   represents the first weakly compact cardinal. Uses Rathjen's Ψ rather than Buchholz's ψ.
13.^   represents the first  -indescribable cardinal. Uses Stegert's Ψ rather than Buchholz's ψ.
14.^   is the smallest   such that  '  is  -indescribable') and  '  is  -indescribable  '). Uses Stegert's Ψ rather than Buchholz's ψ.
15.^   represents the first Mahlo cardinal. Uses (presumably) Rathjen's ψ.

Citations

edit
  1. ^ M. Rathjen, "Admissible Proof Theory and Beyond". In Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics vol. 134 (1995), pp.123--147.
  2. ^ a b c Rathjen, The Realm of Ordinal Analysis. Accessed 2021 September 29.
  3. ^ Krajicek, Jan (1995). Bounded Arithmetic, Propositional Logic and Complexity Theory. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9780521452052. defines the rudimentary sets and rudimentary functions, and proves them equivalent to the Δ0-predicates on the naturals. An ordinal analysis of the system can be found in Rose, H. E. (1984). Subrecursion: functions and hierarchies. University of Michigan: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198531890.
  4. ^ a b c d e f M. Rathjen, Proof Theory: From Arithmetic to Set Theory (p.28). Accessed 14 August 2022.
  5. ^ Rathjen, Michael (2006), "The art of ordinal analysis" (PDF), International Congress of Mathematicians, vol. II, Zürich: Eur. Math. Soc., pp. 45–69, MR 2275588, archived from the original on 2009-12-22{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ^ D. Madore, A Zoo of Ordinals (2017, p.2). Accessed 12 August 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g J. Avigad, R. Sommer, "A Model-Theoretic Approach to Ordinal Analysis" (1997).
  8. ^ M. Rathjen, W. Carnielli, "Hydrae and subsystems of arithmetic" (1991)
  9. ^ Jeroen Van der Meeren; Rathjen, Michael; Weiermann, Andreas (2014). "An order-theoretic characterization of the Howard-Bachmann-hierarchy". arXiv:1411.4481 [math.LO].
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k G. Jäger, T. Strahm, "Second order theories with ordinals and elementary comprehension".
  11. ^ a b c d e G. Jäger, "The Strength of Admissibility Without Foundation". Journal of Symbolic Logic vol. 49, no. 3 (1984).
  12. ^ B. Afshari, M. Rathjen, "Ordinal Analysis and the Infinite Ramsey Theorem" (2012)
  13. ^ a b Marcone, Alberto; Montalbán, Antonio (2011). "The Veblen functions for computability theorists". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 76 (2): 575–602. arXiv:0910.5442. doi:10.2178/jsl/1305810765. S2CID 675632.
  14. ^ S. Feferman, "Theories of finite type related to mathematical practice". In Handbook of Mathematical Logic, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics vol. 90 (1977), ed. J. Barwise, pub. North Holland.
  15. ^ a b c d M. Heissenbüttel, "Theories of ordinal strength   and  " (2001)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g D. Probst, "A modular ordinal analysis of metapredicative subsystems of second-order arithmetic" (2017)
  17. ^ A. Cantini, "On the relation between choice and comprehension principles in second order arithmetic", Journal of Symbolic Logic vol. 51 (1986), pp. 360--373.
  18. ^ a b c d Fischer, Martin; Nicolai, Carlo; Pablo Dopico Fernandez (2020). "Nonclassical truth with classical strength. A proof-theoretic analysis of compositional truth over HYPE". arXiv:2007.07188 [math.LO].
  19. ^ a b c S. G. Simpson, "Friedman's Research on Subsystems of Second Order Arithmetic". In Harvey Friedman's Research on the Foundations of Mathematics, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics vol. 117 (1985), ed. L. Harrington, M. Morley, A. Šcedrov, S. G. Simpson, pub. North-Holland.
  20. ^ J. Avigad, "An ordinal analysis of admissible set theory using recursion on ordinal notations". Journal of Mathematical Logic vol. 2, no. 1, pp.91--112 (2002).
  21. ^ S. Feferman, "Iterated inductive fixed-point theories: application fo Hancock's conjecture". In Patras Logic Symposion, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics vol. 109 (1982).
  22. ^ S. Feferman, T. Strahm, "The unfolding of non-finitist arithmetic", Annals of Pure and Applied Logic vol. 104, no.1--3 (2000), pp.75--96.
  23. ^ S. Feferman, G. Jäger, "Choice principles, the bar rule and autonomously iterated comprehension schemes in analysis", Journal of Symbolic Logic vol. 48, no. (1983), pp.63--70.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h U. Buchholtz, G. Jäger, T. Strahm, "Theories of proof-theoretic strength  ". In Concepts of Proof in Mathematics, Philosophy, and Computer Science (2016), ed. D. Probst, P. Schuster. DOI 10.1515/9781501502620-007.
  25. ^ T. Strahm, "Autonomous fixed point progressions and fixed point transfinite recursion" (2000). In Logic Colloquium '98, ed. S. R. Buss, P. Hájek, and P. Pudlák . DOI 10.1017/9781316756140.031
  26. ^ G. Jäger, T. Strahm, "Fixed point theories and dependent choice". Archive for Mathematical Logic vol. 39 (2000), pp.493--508.
  27. ^ a b c T. Strahm, "Autonomous fixed point progressions and fixed point transfinite recursion" (2000)
  28. ^ a b c d C. Rüede, "Transfinite dependent choice and ω-model reflection". Journal of Symbolic Logic vol. 67, no. 3 (2002).
  29. ^ a b c C. Rüede, "The proof-theoretic analysis of Σ11 transfinite dependent choice". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic vol. 122 (2003).
  30. ^ a b c d T. Strahm, "Wellordering Proofs for Metapredicative Mahlo". Journal of Symbolic Logic vol. 67, no. 1 (2002)
  31. ^ F. Ranzi, T. Strahm, "A flexible type system for the small Veblen ordinal" (2019). Archive for Mathematical Logic 58: 711–751.
  32. ^ K. Fujimoto, "Notes on some second-order systems of iterated inductive definitions and  -comprehensions and relevant subsystems of set theory". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, vol. 166 (2015), pp. 409--463.
  33. ^ a b c Krombholz, Martin; Rathjen, Michael (2019). "Upper bounds on the graph minor theorem". arXiv:1907.00412 [math.LO].
  34. ^ W. Buchholz, S. Feferman, W. Pohlers, W. Sieg, Iterated Inductive Definitions and Subsystems of Analysis: Recent Proof-Theoretical Studies
  35. ^ W. Buchholz, Proof Theory of Impredicative Subsystems of Analysis (Studies in Proof Theory, Monographs, Vol 2 (1988)
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o M. Rathjen, "Investigations of Subsystems of Second Order Arithmetic and Set Theory in Strength between   and  : Part I". Accessed 21 September 2023.
  37. ^ M. Rathjen, "The Strength of Some Martin-Löf Type Theories"
  38. ^ See conservativity result in Rathjen (1996), "The Recursively Mahlo Property in Second Order Arithmetic", Math. Log. Quart., 42 giving same ordinal as  
  39. ^ a b A. Setzer, "A Model for a type theory with Mahlo universe" (1996).
  40. ^ M. Rathjen, "Proof Theory of Reflection". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic vol. 68, iss. 2 (1994), pp.181--224.
  41. ^ a b Stegert, Jan-Carl, "Ordinal Proof Theory of Kripke-Platek Set Theory Augmented by Strong Reflection Principles" (2010).
  42. ^ a b c Arai, Toshiyasu (2023-04-01). "Lectures on Ordinal Analysis". arXiv:2304.00246 [math.LO].
  43. ^ Arai, Toshiyasu (2023-04-07). "Well-foundedness proof for  -reflection". arXiv:2304.03851 [math.LO].
  44. ^ a b Arai, Toshiyasu (2024-02-12). "An ordinal analysis of  -Collection". arXiv:2311.12459 [math.LO].
  45. ^ Valentin Blot. "A direct computational interpretation of second-order arithmetic via update recursion" (2022).

References

edit