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Provinces of Indonesia

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Provinces are the first-level administrative divisions of Indonesia. It is formerly called the first-level provincial region (provinsi daerah tingkat I) before the Reform era. Provinces have a local government, consisting of a governor (Gubernur) and a regional legislative body (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Provinsi). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. Provincial governments have the authority to regulate and manage their own government affairs, subject to the limits of the central government. The average land area of all 38 provinces in Indonesia is about 49,800 km2 (19,200 sq mi), and they had an average population in mid 2023 of 7,334,111 people.

Provinces of Indonesia
Provinsi di Indonesia
CategoryFirst-level administrative division of a decentralized unitary state
LocationRepublic of Indonesia
Created
  • 18 August 1945
Number38
PopulationsSouth Papua (534,400) – West Java (49,860,300)
AreasJakarta 661 km2 (255 sq mi) – Central Kalimantan 153,444 km2 (59,245 sq mi)
Government
Subdivisions

Currently, Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, nine of which have special autonomous status. The terminology for special status are "Istimewa" and "Khusus", which translates to 'special' or 'designated' in English. Provinces are further divided into regencies and cities (formerly called second-level region regencies/cities or kabupaten/kotamadya daerah tingkat II), which are in turn subdivided into districts (kecamatan). Proposals for the creation of additional provinces (by the splitting of existing provinces) have been considered by the Indonesian government, but further action has been suspended since 2013 under a moratorium declared on any creations of further provinces, regencies or cities. However, in 2022, 9 years later, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, and Southwest Papua became the youngest provinces in the country.

Background

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Article 18 paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution states that "the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is divided into provincial regions and those provincial regions are divided into regencies and city, whereby every one of those provinces, regencies, and municipalities has its regional government, which shall be regulated by laws."

According to the Law on Regional Government (UU 23/2014) the authority of the Provincial Government includes:

  1. Development planning and control;
  2. Planning, utilization, and community peace;
  3. Implementation of public order and public peace;
  4. Provision of public facilities and infrastructure;
  5. Handling the health sector;
  6. Education and allocation of potential human resources;
  7. Handling social problems across regencies/cities;
  8. Services in the field of manpower across regencies/cities;
  9. Facilitating the development of cooperatives, small and medium enterprises, including across districts/cities;
  10. Environmental control;
  11. Defense services, including across regencies/cities;
  12. Population and civil registration services;
  13. Government general administration services;
  14. Investment administration services, including across regencies/cities;
  15. The implementation of other basic services that cannot be carried out by regencies/cities; and
  16. Other mandatory affairs mandated by laws and regulations.

The authority of the provincial government are government affairs which are located across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose users are across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose benefits or negative impacts lie across regencies/municipalities, government affairs which use more resources. efficient if carried out by the province.

Each province has a local government, headed by a governor and a legislative body (DPRD). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. The general election to elect members of the DPRDs is conducted simultaneously with the national general election. Previously, the general elections for Governor and Vice Governor were not held simultaneously. However, since 2015 regional head elections have been held simultaneously. Under the plan, simultaneous partial local elections were held in February 2017, June 2018 and December 2020, culminating in simultaneous elections for all local executive posts in November 2024 and then every five years.

Current provinces

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Click on a province name to go to its main article
Coat of arms Name[1][2] Reg.
code 		ISO[3] Capital Largest city Population
(mid 2023)
[4] 		Area
in km2 		Density
per km2
(mid 2023)[5] 		Geographical
unit 		No. of
Cities 		No. of
Reg.
 
 Aceh 11 ID-AC
Banda Aceh
 5,482,500 56,835 96 Sumatra 5 18
 
 North Sumatra
Sumatera Utara 		12 ID-SU
Medan
 15,386,600 72,461 212 Sumatra 8 25
 
 West Sumatra
Sumatera Barat 		13 ID-SB
Padang
 5,757,200 42,120 137 Sumatra 7 12
 
 Riau 14 ID-RI
Pekanbaru
 6,642,900 89,936 74 Sumatra 2 10
 
 Jambi 15 ID-JA
Jambi
 3,679,200 49,027 75 Sumatra 2 9
 
 South Sumatra
Sumatera Selatan 		16 ID-SS
Palembang
 8,743,500 91,592 101 Sumatra 4 13
 
 Bengkulu 17 ID-BE
Bengkulu
 2,086,000 20,128 104 Sumatra 1 9
 
 Lampung 18 ID-LA
Bandar Lampung
 9,314,000 33,570 277 Sumatra 2 13
 
 Bangka Belitung Islands
Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 		19 ID-BB
Pangkal Pinang
 1,511,900 16,690 91 Sumatra 1 6
 
 Riau Islands
Kepulauan Riau 		21 ID-KR
Tanjung Pinang
Batam
 2,152,600 8,270 260 Sumatra 2 5
 
 Special Capital Region of Jakarta
Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta		 31 ID-JK
Central Jakarta
(de facto)[a]
 10,672,100 661 16,146 Java 5 1
 
 West Java
Jawa Barat 		32 ID-JB
Bandung
Bekasi
 49,860,300 37,045 1,346 Java 9 18
 
 Central Java
Jawa Tengah 		33 ID-JT
Semarang
 37,541,000 34,337 1,093 Java 6 29
 
 Special Region of Yogyakarta
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta		 34 ID-YO
Yogyakarta
 3,736,500 3,171 1,178 Java 1 4
 
 East Java
Jawa Timur 		35 ID-JI
Surabaya
 41,527,900 48,037 865 Java 9 29
 
 Banten 36 ID-BT
Serang
Tangerang
 12,307,700 9,353 1,316 Java 4 4
 
 Bali 51 ID-BA
Denpasar
 4,404,300 5,590 788 Lesser Sunda Islands 1 8
 
 West Nusa Tenggara
Nusa Tenggara Barat		 52 ID-NB
Mataram
 5,560,300 19,676 283 Lesser Sunda Islands 2 8
 
 East Nusa Tenggara
Nusa Tenggara Timur		 53 ID-NT
Kupang
 5,569,100 46,447 120 Lesser Sunda Islands 1 21
 
 West Kalimantan
Kalimantan Barat		 61 ID-KB
Pontianak
 5,623,300 147,037 38 Kalimantan 2 12
 
 Central Kalimantan
Kalimantan Tengah		 62 ID-KT
Palangka Raya
 2,773,700 153,444 18 Kalimantan 1 13
 
 South Kalimantan
Kalimantan Selatan		 63 ID-KS
Banjarbaru
Banjarmasin
 4,222,300 37,135 114 Kalimantan 2 11
 
 East Kalimantan[6]
Kalimantan Timur		 64 ID-KI
Samarinda
 3,909,700 126,981 31 Kalimantan 3 7
 
 North Kalimantan
Kalimantan Utara		 65 ID-KU
Tanjung Selor
Tarakan
 730,000 70,101 10 Kalimantan 1 4
 
 North Sulawesi
Sulawesi Utara 		71 ID-SA
Manado
 2,681,500 14,500 185 Sulawesi 4 11
 
 Central Sulawesi
Sulawesi Tengah		 72 ID-ST
Palu
 3,086,800 61,606 50 Sulawesi 1 12
 
 South Sulawesi
Sulawesi Selatan		 73 ID-SN
Makassar
 9,362,300 45,331 207 Sulawesi 3 21
 
 Southeast Sulawesi
Sulawesi Tenggara		 74 ID-SG
Kendari
 2,749,000 36,160 76 Sulawesi 2 15
 
 Gorontalo 75 ID-GO
Gorontalo
 1,213,200 12,025 101 Sulawesi 1 5
 
 West Sulawesi
Sulawesi Barat 		76 ID-SR
Mamuju
 1,481,100 16,595 89 Sulawesi 0 6
 
 Maluku 81 ID-MA
Ambon
 1,920,500 46,158 42 Maluku Islands 2 9
 
 North Maluku
Maluku Utara 		82 ID-MU
Sofifi
Ternate
 1,337,100 32,999 41 Maluku Islands 2 8
 
 West Papua
Papua Barat		 92 ID-PB[7]
Manokwari
 569,600 60,275 9 Western New Guinea 0 7
 
 Southwest Papua
Papua Barat Daya 		96 ID-PD
Sorong
 617,700 39,123 16 Western New Guinea 1 5
 
 Papua 91 ID-PA
Jayapura
 1,047,100 82,681 13 Western New Guinea 1 8
 
 South Papua
Papua Selatan 		93 ID-PS
Salor
Merauke
 534,400 117,849 5 Western New Guinea 0 4
 
 Central Papua
Papua Tengah 		94 ID-PT
Wanggar
Timika
 1,452,800 61,073 24 Western New Guinea 0 8
 
 Highland Papua
Papua Pegunungan 		95 ID-PE
Jayawijaya
 1,448,400 51,213 28 Western New Guinea 0 8

Special autonomy

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The decentralization of some power and autonomy to provinces is called for by Article 18 of the Constitution of Indonesia, and this article was expanded through amendments in October 1999 in the period following the fall of Suharto.[8]: 35–37  Some provinces have been granted additional autonomy beyond this. The form this special autonomy takes is not standardized, with provinces gaining different formulations of specific autonomy based on particular political imperatives.[8]: 38–39 

  • The Special Region of Yogyakarta, which was autonomous under Dutch rule, was (along with Surakarta) given consideration for autonomy as part of Law no. 1 of 1945. Autonomy for Yogyakarta was confirmed directly through Law no. 3 of 1950, the first granting of special autonomy to a province. This status has been maintained until the present, with some tweaks from additional laws.[8]: 39–40  Sultan Hamengkubuwono serves as a hereditary governor and Adipati Paku Alam as a hereditary vice-governor.
  • Rebellion in Aceh due to demands for a stricter implementation of Islamic law has led to several shifts in political status. Specific autonomy was initially granted to the province through Law no. 24 of 1956. Further autonomy was given through the declaration that Aceh was a "special region" on 23 May 1959, later formalized through Law no. 18 of 1965. Following the fall of Suharto, Law no. 44 of 1999 and Law no. 18 of 2001 created a new framework that was adopted by both parties through Law no. 11 of 2006. This law provides privileged status regarding implementation of Islamic law in religious life, customary life, and education. Aceh also received its own development fund for a period of 20 years.[8]: 44–46 
  • The province of Papua was granted special autonomy through Law no. 21 of 2001. This was a response to independence movements that had been present in the province since it became part of Indonesia, and occurred alongside the renaming of the province from Irian Jaya to Papua.[8]: 42–43 [9] This gave Papua a greater portion of revenue, autonomy outside reserved areas maintained by the central government, and 20 years of a special development fund. Before special autonomy was implemented, West Papua was split from Papua in 2003, although both kept special autonomy.[10] The special autonomy for both provinces was renewed in 2021, including a renewal and increase of the special autonomy fund.[11] Included in this new legislation was the provision to create new provinces, and in July 2022 new national legislation split South Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua from Papua[12] through Law Number 14 of 2022, Law Number 15 of 2022, and Law Number 16 of 2022 respectively.[9] Law No. 29 of 2022 was enacted in December 2022 splitting Southwest Papua from West Papua.[13] All the split provinces retained their autonomous status.
  • The Special Capital Region of Jakarta has its own status, due to it being the country's capital city.[8]: 39 

Geographical units

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Further information: Regions of Indonesia

The provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units for statistical and national planning purposes, but without administrative function.[14]

Geographical unit Provinces Population
(mid-2023)[15] 		Largest city Highest point
Sumatra Aceh, the Bangka Belitung Islands, Bengkulu, Jambi, Lampung, North Sumatra, Riau, the Riau Islands, South Sumatra, and West Sumatra 60,756,400 Medan Mount Kerinci
3,805 m (12484 ft)
Java Banten, Central Java, East Java, the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and West Java 155,645,500 Jakarta Mount Semeru
3,678 m (12067 ft)
Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Islands) Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara 15,533,700 Denpasar Mount Rinjani
3,726 m (12,224 ft)
Kalimantan Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan 17,259,000 Samarinda Mount Bukit Raya
2,278 m (7,474 ft)
Sulawesi Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, and West Sulawesi 20,573,900 Makassar Latimojong
3,478 m (11,411 ft)
Maluku Islands Maluku and North Maluku 3,401,600 Ambon Mount Binaiya
3,027 m (9,931 ft)
Papua (Western New Guinea) Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua 5,670,000 Jayapura Puncak Jaya
4,884 m (16,024 ft)

Former provinces

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Evolution of Indonesia's provinces from 1945 until North Kalimantan's establishment in 2012
 
 
Three-province Sumatra (1948–56) (L) and two-province Sulawesi (1960–64) with present-day regency borders

Upon the independence of Indonesia, eight provinces were established. West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Maluku still exist as of today despite later divisions, while Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Nusa Tenggara, formerly Lesser Sunda (Sunda Kecil) were fully liquidated by dividing them into new provinces. The province of Central Sumatra existed from 1948 to 1957, while East Timor was annexed as a province from 1976 until its power transfer to UNTAET in 1999 prior to its independence as a country in 2002.

Province Capital Period Successor(s)
Special Region of Surakarta
(Daerah Istimewa Surakarta)[16] 		Surakarta 1945–1946 Central Java
Sumatra[17] Bukittinggi / Medan 1945–1948 Central Sumatra
North Sumatra
South Sumatra
Kalimantan[18] Banjarmasin 1945–1956 East Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
West Kalimantan
Nusa Tenggara[19] Singaraja 1945–1958 Bali
East Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
Sulawesi[20] Makassar / Manado 1945–1960 North-Central Sulawesi
South-Southeast Sulawesi
Central Sumatra
(Sumatera Tengah)[17][21] 		Bukittinggi 1948–1957 Jambi
Riau
West Sumatra
North-Central Sulawesi
(Sulawesi Utara-Tengah)[22] 		Manado 1960–1964 North Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
South-Southeast Sulawesi
(Sulawesi Selatan-Tenggara)[22] 		Makassar 1960–1964 South Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi
East Timor
(Timor Timur)[23] 		Dili 1976–1999 Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

New provinces made from currently-existing provinces

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Pre-1999 Maluku (L) and Irian Jaya (now Papua, R) with present-day regency borders
 
Provinces in Western New Guinea, after the split of Papua Province into four provinces in June 2022[24] and after the split of West Papua Province into two provinces in December 2022[25]
New province
(current name) 		Year New province
(then name) 		Province of origin
Special Region of Yogyakarta 1950 Yogyakarta Central Java
Aceh 1956 Aceh North Sumatra
Central Kalimantan 1958 Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan
Jakarta Special Capital Region 1959 Greater Jakarta West Java
Lampung 1964 Lampung South Sumatra
Bengkulu 1967 Bengkulu South Sumatra
North Maluku 1999 North Maluku Maluku
Banten 2000 Banten West Java
Bangka Belitung Islands 2000 Bangka Belitung Islands South Sumatra
Gorontalo 2000 Gorontalo North Sulawesi
Riau Islands 2002 Riau Islands Riau
West Papua 2003 West Irian Jaya Irian Jaya
West Sulawesi 2004 West Sulawesi South Sulawesi
North Kalimantan 2012 North Kalimantan East Kalimantan
Central Papua 2022 Central Papua Papua
Highland Papua 2022 Highland Papua Papua
South Papua 2022 South Papua Papua
Southwest Papua 2022 Southwest Papua West Papua

Renamed provinces

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Year Old name
(Indonesian) 		Old name
(English) 		New name
(Indonesian) 		New name
(English) 		Current name
1954 Sunda Kecil Lesser Sunda Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara non-existent
1959 Aceh Aceh Daerah Istimewa Aceh Aceh Special Region Aceh
1961 Jakarta Raya Greater Jakarta Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Raya Greater Jakarta Special Capital Region Jakarta Special Capital Region
1973 Irian Barat West Irian Irian Jaya Irian Jaya Papua
1990 Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Raya Greater Jakarta Special Capital Region Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Jakarta Special Capital Region Special Region of Jakarta
2001 Daerah Istimewa Aceh Aceh Special Region Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam State of Aceh, the Abode of Peace Aceh
2002 Irian Jaya Irian Jaya Papua Papua Papua
2007 Irian Jaya Barat West Irian Jaya Papua Barat West Papua West Papua
2009 Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam State of Aceh, the Abode of Peace Aceh Aceh Aceh

Former provincial capitals

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Jakarta is a city with province-level Capital Special Region comprising five Kota Administrasis (administrative cities/municipalities) and one Kabupaten Administrasi (administrative regency). It has no de jure capital, but many governmental buildings are located at Central Jakarta.

References

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  1. ^ "Data Wilayah – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia". Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  2. ^ Buku Induk—Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan per Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota dan Kecamatan Seluruh Indonesia (PDF) (in Indonesian), Kementerian Dalam Negeri [Ministry of Home Affairs], archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-19
  3. ^ ISO 3166-2:ID (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of Indonesia)
  4. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2024.
  5. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2024.
  6. ^ Figures adjusted to take account of the separation of Tarakan city and four regencies, as confirmed by Badan Pusat Statistik, to form the new province of North Kalimantan, listed separately in this table.
  7. ^ West Papua was created from the western portion of Papua province in February 2003, initially under the name of Irian Jaya Barat, and was renamed Papua Barat (West Papua) on 7 February 2007. The split remains controversial. In November 2004, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia ruled that the split violated Papua's autonomy laws. However, since the western province had already been created, it should remain separate from Papua. The ruling also aborted the creation of another proposed province, Central Irian Jaya, because the proposed split had not yet been completed. ISO 3166-2 codes have subsequently been published for all of the newly-created provinces in Indonesian Papua.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Ahmad Ainun Najib; Indarja (April 2023). "Special Autonomy Dilemma in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia". Syiah Kuala Law Journal. 7 (1): 32–49. doi:10.24815/sklj.v7i1.28611.
  9. ^ a b "Naming process of new provinces in Papua Region, Indonesia" (PDF). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 3 May 2023. p. 2. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  10. ^ Budy P. Resosudarmo; Julius A. Mollet; Umbu R. Raya; Hans Kaiwai (2014). "Development in Papua after special autonomy". Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia. ISEAS Publishing. p. 434. doi:10.1355/9789814519175-025.
  11. ^ Ronna Nirmala (15 July 2021). "Indonesia Passes New Papuan Autonomy Law; Separatists Reject it as Unsatisfactory". Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  12. ^ "Indonesia passes contentious law to create more provinces in Papua". CNN. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  13. ^ "Southwest Papua officially becomes Indonesia's 38th province". Antara. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  14. ^ ISO 3166-2:ID
  15. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2024.
  16. ^ "Pangeran Surakarta Ajukan Piagam Soekarno Jadi Bukti Keistimewaan". Constitutional Court of Indonesia. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  17. ^ a b Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 1950 [Government Regulation Number 21 of 1950] (PDF) (Government Regulation 21) (in Indonesian). 1950. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-11.
  18. ^ Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1956 [Act Number 25 of 1956]. hukumonline.com (Act 25) (in Indonesian). 1956.
  19. ^ Undang-Undang Nomor 64 Tahun 1958 [Act Number 64 of 1958]. hukumonline.com (Act 64) (in Indonesian). 1958.
  20. ^ Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 47 Tahun 1960 [Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 47 of 1960] (Government Regulation in Lieu of Law 47) (in Indonesian). 1970.
  21. ^ Undang-Undang Darurat Nomor 19 Tahun 1957 [Ordinance-as-Act Number 19 Year 1957] (Ordinance-as-Act 19) (in Indonesian). 1957.
  22. ^ a b Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 1964 [Act Number 13 of 1964]. hukumonline.com (Act 13) (in Indonesian). 1964.
  23. ^ Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1976 [Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 1976] (PDF) (Act 7) (in Indonesian). 1976. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-14.
  24. ^ Meilani, Tri; Adji, Raka (13 July 2022). "The long-awaited birth of South Papua province". antaranews.com. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  25. ^ "Southwest Papua Province inaugurated, Indonesia now has 38 provinces". Indonesiawindow.com. 10 December 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
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