Prostitution in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is present in different forms and Kolkata's sex industry is one of the largest in Asia.[1][2][3] Prostitution may be brothel-based or non-brothel based as in the case of call girls. India is regarded as having one of the largest commercial sex trades globally.[4] Kolkata has many red-light districts, out of which Sonagachi is the largest red-light district in Asia with more than 50,000 commercial sex workers.[5][6][7]
Prostitute population
editThe total number of prostitutes in Kolkata is unknown. Some estimates state that there are more than 60,000 brothel-based women and girls in prostitution in Kolkata.[8][9][10]
The population of prostitutes in Sonagachi constitutes mainly of Nepalese, Bangladeshi and Indian women trafficked from north eastern and neighboring states, many who are trafficked into the area by their boyfriends or family. [9] Some sources estimate that are 30,000 Bangladeshi women in the brothels of Kolkata.[11]
According to some sources the most common form of trafficking consists in offering false promises or some offer of help out of a dead-end or crisis situation, force is used later after the prostitutes have already been sold. "Mashis (brothel owners/older sex workers) use friendship, sympathy, also veiled threats to convince the women that it is now in their best interest to conform and begin working."[8] The Crime Branch of Delhi Police has recovered one girl from Rabindra Sarani, Sonagachi who was missing along with eight other female inmates from Sanskar Ashram in Dilshad Garden since December 2, 2018. Eight out of these nine girls were originally from Nepal, while the ninth girl was from Bhagalpur, Bihar. These girls had been rescued from a brothel in G.B. Road," police said.[12]
History of Prostitution
editA farcical short-drama book named Beshyaleela ( বেশ্যালীলা ) was printed in the middle of the year 1880 written by an anonymous writer ( অজ্ঞাতনামা ). It is not very familiar or much discussed book till now. In this drama, a good description can be found about the negative attitudes shown by the then existing 19th century educated Bengali Babu class of people towards the prostitutes and the prostitution. From the first half of the 19th century, centering on Sonagachhi, a huge organised prostitution area surrounding Cornwallis Street on the east, and Chitpur on the west were formed. Although many areas in Calcutta were inhabited by those prostitutes outside those areas also. On the south it was Kalighat to Khidirpur dock areas, in the middle-Calcutta it was Kalinga-Fenwick Bazar, on the far south in Kareya area many girls from different social-classes of Hindu-Muslim-Christian communities were engaged with this profession. More than that, there was no clear 'mark' or 'boundary-line' between the 'gentleman areas' and the 'prostitutes areas'. Many areas had scattered or mixed up population of those two kinds. Rather, many areas could be termed as 'half-gentleman' areas, where normal gentleman's families and various types of prostitutes co-existed side by side. From the middle of the 19th century, the British colonial administration, Christian Missionaries, and native English-knowing educated 'Victorian' Indian gentlemen started campaign against prostitutes. This was their part of the project of social 'sanitation' process for creating the so-called 'gentle-society'. Under the leadership of Mr. Kaliprasanna Singha, the 'Vidyotsahini Sabha' ( বিদ্যোৎসাহিনী সভা ) submitted one mass-petition in the Indian Legislative Council.
Red-light districts
edit
Bowbazar
editBowbazar has a red-light district where about 15,000 prostitutes work.[13] The surrounding areas are inhabited by slum dwellers, truckers and migrant labourers. The adjacent Tiretta Bazar area is mainly a loading – unloading point with offices or godowns of a large number of transport companies. The area is very unsanitary.[14]
Garia
editThere is a small red-light district in Garia.[15] There were plans to build a home for retired sex workers in the area.[16]
Kalighat
editIn south Kolkata, there is a red light district in the neighbourhood of Kalighat. Located around the banks of the Adi Ganga canal, an estimated 1,000 to 1,500 prostitutes live and work there.[17] Kolkata has emerged as a hub for the trafficking of girls, who often arrive from Nepal, Bangladesh, Assam and Burma. From Kolkata they are often sold again to brothels in Mumbai (Bombay) or Chennai (Madras). Some will go on to the Middle East, Africa and Europe.[18] Many of the women in Sonnagachi were forcedly taken away from their homes; some were tricked and others sold into prostitution by their friends and families; most of them are illiterate.[19]
Kidderpore
editThe red-light district in Kidderpore is the third largest in Kolkata.[15] NGO Apne Aap has a support centre in the area and has made two films about life in Kidderpore's red-light district: Kali and Shaadi Ka Shart Shauchalaya.[20]
Lebu Bagan
editThere is a small, little known red-light district in north Kolkata called Lebu Bagan. About 100 prostitutes work there in four streets.[17]
Sonagachi
editThe largest red-light district in Kolkata, is Sonagachi, it is also the largest red-light district in India.[21] The area came to be known as Sona Gachi from a Sufi saint Sona Ghazi whose tomb (mazaar) is located in the locality.[22] It is an area with several hundred multi-storey brothels, and around 10,000 sex workers.[23] Sonagachi is located in North-Kolkata near the intersection of Chittaranjan Avenue Sova Bazar and Beadon Street, just north of the Marble Palace. The Prostitute Population mostly consists of woman's from poor regions of neighboring states and border regions. Previously there were many local prostitutes in Sonagachi. But now Rajasthani, Bihari, Odia and Khamia-Nepalese prostitutes have gained in number. According to class-division, the red-light areas of Kolkata are also divided into four different classes: poor-class, lower-class, middle-class, and rich-class. For example, The red-light area which once existed opposite to the diagonal angle of Khanna Cinema Hall was of 'poor-class'. When they contacted customers, they asked them "Khat-e na Chot-e" ? Which means, "Do you want to sleep in wooden cot or on jute-sheet spread over the floor?" As customers wished, the fee varied according to their choice. The lower-class and middle-class of prostitute areas were scattered around Haarkaata Gully and near Chetla/Kalighat bridge. Supreme court ordered police to treat sex worker of Sonagachi with dignity.
Several non-government organizations and government organizations operate here for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) including AIDS. Sonagachi project is a prostitute's cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on condom use; a relatively low percentage of prostitutes in this district (5.17% of the 13,000 prostitutes in Sonagachi) are estimated to be HIV positive.[24] However, these efforts are hindered by human trafficking: refusal of clients to wear condom, and women controlled by third parties are forced to oblige.
According to some sources, prostitutes from Sonagachi who test HIV positive are not told about the results, and live with the disease without knowing about it "because the DMSC is worried that HIV positive women will be ostracized."[25] Some prostitutes in Sonagachi have stated that "the clients, at least three quarters of them" refuse to use condoms and "If we force them to use the condom, they will just go next door. There are so many women working here, and in the end, everyone is prepared to work without protection for fear of losing trade."[25]
Tollygunge
editTollygunge is a small red-light district located near Prince Anwar Shah Road.[13]
Street prostitution
editStreet prostitutes work in Esplanade Crossing,[26] opposite of cinema ‘Metro’ and in the street between Elite Cinema Hall and Regal Cinema Hall, Jagat Cinema near Sealdah station and under Sealdah flyover,[26] and another place is Ultadanga flyover and railway foot over bridge, Kalighat[26] and Garia.[16] Also a very small level high class escort service operates here, mostly college student or housewives or executives. Generally they use hotels booked by client or the flat of their pimp.
Male prostitutes often pick up clients in the Maidan, particularly in front of the Victoria Memorial.[27]
Call girls
editCall girls operate independently and through pimps or escort agencies. Prostitution is operated from many beauty parlours and massage parlors in the city.[28][29] Pimps (commonly called agents) in nightclubs, pubs, star hotels and floorboys acting as agents generally keep catalogues with pictures of the call girls.[29] The girls operate in places like flats, hotels, etc.[30] Generally the call girls go to the rooms in star hotels. However, when the client cannot provide a place of convenience, the agents provide one and the place is generally decided on before.[29]
Call girls in Kolkata may come from middle class, upper middle class and upper-class families. They may be executives, housewives, college students or actresses.[29][30]
The Kolkata Police have connections with many call girls working as their informers. Many criminals like to spend time with the girls. Hence some call girls are used by the police to get information about suspected criminals.[31]
Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC), which runs the Sonagachi project and several similar projects in West Bengal, lobbies for the recognition of sex workers' rights and full legalization.[32] DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997, in Kolkata, entitled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'.[33]
In popular culture
editBorn into Brothels, a 2004 American documentary film about the children of prostitutes in Sonagachi, won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature in 2004.[34]
The documentary entitled Tales of The Night Fairies by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre, is about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.[35]
Popular actor Kamal Haasan's movie Mahanadhi has a storyline based on the Sonagachi. The film won three awards at the 41st National Film Awards. It received the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil and H. Sridhar and K. M. Surya Narayan received the National Film Award for Best Audiography.[36] It also won Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize for Best Film.
The Malayalam Film Calcutta News depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex worker in Sonagachi.[37]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Catrin Evans and Helen Lambert (2008). "The limits of behaviour change theory: Condom use and contexts of HIV risk in the Kolkata sex industry". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 10 (1). Taylor & Francis: 27–41. doi:10.1080/13691050701561393. PMID 18038279. S2CID 24642896.
- ^ Sinha, Sunny. “Ethical and Safety Issues in Doing Sex Work Research: Reflections From a Field-Based Ethnographic Study in Kolkata, India.” Qualitative Health Research 27, no. 6 (May 2017): 893–908. doi:10.1177/1049732316669338
- ^ Ghosal, Sayantan; Jana, Smarajit; Mani, Anandi; Mitra, Sandip; Roy, Sanchari (2020). ""Sex Workers, Stigma and Self-Image: Evidence from Kolkata Brothels"". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 104 (3): 1–45. doi:10.1162/rest_a_01013. ISSN 0034-6535. S2CID 229182008.
- ^ Dalla, Rochelle L.; Kreimer, Lee M. (13 October 2016). ""After Your Honor is Gone…": Exploration of Developmental Trajectories and Life Experiences of Women Working in Mumbai's Red-Light Brothel Districts". Sexuality & Culture. 21 (1): 163–186. doi:10.1007/s12119-016-9388-4. ISSN 1095-5143. S2CID 146803616.
- ^ Vijayendra Rao and Indrani Gupta and Michael Lokshin and Smarajit Jana (2003). "Sex workers and the cost of safe sex: the compensating differential for condom use among Calcutta prostitutes". Journal of Development Economics. 71 (2): 585–603. doi:10.1016/S0304-3878(03)00025-7. ISSN 0304-3878. S2CID 153608532.
- ^ Satarupa Dasgupta (2019). "Participation as a Health Communication Strategy in HIV/AIDS Intervention Projects: an Examination of a Project Targeting Commercial Sex Workers in India". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 27 (2). Routledge: 139–151. doi:10.1080/15456870.2019.1574535. S2CID 150465047.
- ^ Mishra, Swasti Vardhan. “Reading Kolkata’s Space of Prostitution as a Political Society.” Environment and Urbanization ASIA 7, no. 2 (September 2016): 267–76. doi:10.1177/0975425316655653
- ^ a b "Facts on Human Trafficking". www.saribari.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Plight of prostitutes in Kolkata". Merinews.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ^ RAY, SANJOY (15 September 2010). "Trafficked girls from NE end up in Kolkata brothels". assamtribune.com.
- ^ Shahidullah, Shahid M. (2017). Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Evolving Science of Criminology in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Springer. p. 230. ISBN 9781137507501.
- ^ Subhas, Biswajit. "police rescue girl from red light area in kolkata".
- ^ a b "Vulnerability of Children Living in the Red Light Areas of Kolkata, India" (PDF). End Child Prostitution and Trafficking. July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ^ "Jabala Jaag". CRY. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
- ^ a b Rose, Madison Leigh (27 August 2012). "Red Light City: Sex Workers' Experiences of the City of Joy". Madison Leigh Rose. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ^ a b Chaudhuri, Himika (18 February 2002). "Garia home for aged sex workers - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ^ a b Gill, Harsimran. "Living in the Shadows" (PDF). Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ Grant, Matthew (30 November 2004). "Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight". BBC News.
- ^ Prostitutes Calcutta Sex Slaves. Across.co.nz (7 November 2005). Retrieved on 23 October 2011.
- ^ Ghose, Chandreyee (27 November 2015). "When dreams find voice, it's time to say fatafati". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ^ "As Songachi changes colours, visitors drawn by art, not lust". The Times of India. July 2018.
- ^ "Prostitutes and AIDS in India". Alicia Patterson Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007.
- ^ Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight BBC news. 30 November 2004
- ^ In Sonagachi, keeping HIV away a daily battle. Indian Express (2 December 2009). Retrieved on 23 October 2011.
- ^ a b Welcome to Sonagachi – Calcutta's largest brothel area is thriving. Tom Vater (12 May 2004). Retrieved on 23 October 2011.
- ^ a b c "Rickshaw pullers" (PDF). Shodhganga. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ^ Ghosh, Aditya; Gupta, Jayanta (20 September 2001). "C'mon baby, light my fire". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ^ Kolkata cop's wife in prostitution racket Rediff.com
- ^ a b c d Mitra, Nabamita; Chatterjee, Chandreyee; Chattopadhyaya, Sanjoy (1 April 2007). "New girls on the block". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. The Telegraph – 1 April 2007
- ^ a b "Hidden sex trade -callgirls of kolkatta". United States National Library of Medicine Gateway. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ Call girl aide to catch criminals- 230 escorts brought into the detective department fold The Telegraph – 12 May 2006
- ^ durbar.org, homepage of the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee
- ^ Sex work is real work: We demand workers rights Archived 12 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, announcement of the 1997 sex worker convention
- ^ "NY Times: Born into Brothels". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
- ^ "Welcome to AJK Mass Communication Research Centre". Ajkmcrc.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ "Directorate of Film Festival" (PDF). Iffi.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^ "review of the film Calcutta News". Archived from the original on 14 October 2007.
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