The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.
| Tuparí | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Brazil |
| Linguistic classification | Tupian
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | tupa1251 |
Internal classification
editThe Tupari languages are:[1][2]
None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.
A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:[3]
Varieties
editBelow is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
- Tupari
- Macuráp group
- Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the Colorado River (Rondônia).
- Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the Verde River, Rondônia.
- Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River.
- Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the Verde River and Mequéns River in the same region.
- Kabishiana - spoken between the Corumbiara River and Verde River, Rondônia.
- Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and Colorado River (Rondônia).
- Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown.
- Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the Branco River or São Simão River, the same territory; now probably extinct.
- Kepkeriwát group
- Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.
- Macuráp group
Proto-language
edit| Proto-Tupari | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Tupari languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):[5]
gloss Proto-Tuparí ‘sweet potato’ *gwagwo ‘tapir’ *ɨkwaay ‘macaw’ *pet+'a ‘one’ *kiẽt ‘small’ *Dĩĩt ‘fish’ *pot ‘fowl’ *õkɨra ‘seed’ *kit ‘neck’ *gwotkɨp ‘heart’ *ãnõã ‘to know’ *toã ‘to give’ *ñũã ‘to speak’ *mãYã ‘sun, year’ *ŋgiahkop ‘stone’ *ŋwa+'i ‘earth’ *kɨy ‘fire; firewood’ *agopkap ‘mountain’ *(n)dzo ‘person’ *aotse ‘mother’ *ñä ‘husband’ *mẽt ‘hammock’ *ẽ/*ĩnĩ ‘seat’ *ãβõ-pe ‘seat’ *ñãp-pe ‘hair’ *Dap ‘tooth’ *ñããy ‘hand’ *mbo ‘nail’ *mbo-ape ‘skin’ *pe ‘liver’ *pia ‘foot’ *mbi ‘breast’ *ŋẽp ‘blood (n)’ *a ‘blood (n)’ *eYɨ ‘tobacco’ *pitoa ‘maize’ *atsitsi ‘axe’ *gwi ‘knife’ *ŋgɨtpe ‘timbo’ *ŋĩk ‘mortar’ *ẽndzɨ ‘salt’ *ŋgɨɨt ‘meat’ *ñẽt+'ã ‘water (n)’ *ɨgɨ ‘basin’ *βãẽkɨt ‘dust’ *ñõ'õ ‘path’ *pee ‘night’ *ŋĩndak ‘leaf’ *Dep/*deep ‘Brazil nut tree’ *kãnã ‘Brazil nut tree’ *arao ‘assai (palm)’ *gwit+'i ‘banana’ *ehpiip ‘cotton’ *ororo ‘genipap’ *tsigaap ‘peanut’ *araɨgwi ‘pepper’ *kõỹ ‘armadillo’ *ndayto ‘tail’ *okway ‘snake’ *Dat/*daat ‘lizard’ *Dako ‘turtle’ *mbok+'a ‘caiman’ *gwaYto ‘crab’ *kera ‘achiote’ *ŋgop ‘horn’ *apikɨp ‘paca’ *gwãnãmbiro ‘deer’ *ɨtsɨɨ ‘dog’ *ãŋwẽko ‘ocelot’ *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt ‘agouti’ *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã ‘bat’ *ŋwari+'a ‘coati’ *pi'it ‘capuchin monkey’ *sahkɨrap ‘spider monkey’ *ãrĩmẽ ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?) *ãmãnã ‘peccary’ *Daotse ‘collared peccary’ *Daotsey ‘louse’ *ãŋgɨp ‘flea’ *ñõk ‘wasp’ *ŋgap ‘termite’ *ŋgub+i ‘big ant’ *Dat+'a ‘cockroach’ *a ‘cockroach’ *eβape ‘cicada’ *ŋõtŋõna ‘scorpion’ *kɨtnĩŋã ‘snail’ *ɨ̃ỹã ‘piranha’ *ipñãỹ ‘surubim’ *ãnõrẽ ‘mandi’ *mõkoa ‘toucan’ *yo ‘toucan’ *ñõkãt ‘duck’ *ɨpek ‘vulture’ *ɨβe ‘vulture’ *ako ‘hawk’ *kẽỹ+'ã ‘hummingbird’ *mĩnĩt ‘owl’ *popoβa ‘partridge’ *kwãŋwã ‘basket, big’ *ãŋgerek ‘canoe’ *kɨp-pe ‘clothing’ *pe ‘to drink’ *ka ‘to take’ *ara ‘to blow’ *ɨβa ‘to vomit’ *ẽkẽt ‘to push’ *mõrã ‘to swim’ *tĩptĩpnã ‘to see’ *to'a ‘to see’ *-tso- ‘hot’ *ahkop ‘good’ *poat ‘new’ *pahgop ‘old’ *poot ‘name’ *Det ‘sour’ *kãỹ ‘other’ *nõõ ‘smooth’ *atsik ‘rotten’ *ãnde ‘rotten’ *ãkwĩ ‘straight’ *kɨɨt ‘distant’ *gwetsok ‘2nd person’ *ẽt
Syntax
editIn all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.[6]: 99
References
edit
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tupari reconstructions
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama. Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli, v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. (PDF)
- ^ Andrade, Rafael (to appear). As consoantes alvéolo-dentais do Proto-Tuparí: revisão e reconstrução fonológica. In: OLIVEIRA, Christiane Cunha de (ed.). Memórias do II Encontro dos Americanistas no Cerrado. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás.
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020. The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages. Journal of Language Relationship 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.
- ^ Galucio, Ana Vilacy; de Souza Nogueira, Antônia Fernanda (20 July 2018). "From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family)". Journal of Historical Linguistics. 8 (1): 95–127. doi:10.1075/jhl.16025.gal.