The Province of Maine refers to any of the various English colonies established in the 17th century along the northeast coast of North America, within portions of the present-day U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick. It existed through a series of land patents made by the kings of England during this era, and included New Somersetshire, Lygonia, and Falmouth (now Portland, Maine). The province was incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1650s, beginning with the formation of York County, Massachusetts, which extended from the Piscataqua River to just east of the mouth of the Presumpscot River in Casco Bay. Eventually, its territory grew to encompass nearly all of present-day Maine.
Province of Maine | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1622–1691 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
 The 1622 grant of the Province of Maine is shown outlined in blue. The 1629 division into the Province of New Hampshire (south of the Piscataqua) and the Province of Maine (north of the Piscataqua) is shown by shading. The boundaries of the Massachusetts Bay Company grant are shown in green. | |||||||||
| Status | Disestablished | ||||||||
| Religion | Anglicanism, Congregationalism | ||||||||
| Government | Self-governing colony | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1636-1638 | William Gorges (first) | ||||||||
• 1689-1692 | Thomas Danforth (last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | British colonization of the Americas Puritan migration to New England | ||||||||
• Established | 1622 | ||||||||
• Council for New England patent | 1622 | ||||||||
• Gorges Patent | 1639 | ||||||||
• Duke of York grants | 1664 | ||||||||
| 1686-1689 | |||||||||
• Dissolved, incorporated into Massachusetts Bay | 1691 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
History
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1630 | 400 | — |
| 1640 | 900 | +125.0% |
| 1650 | 1,000 | +11.1% |
| Source: 1630–1650;[1] | ||
1622 patent
editThe first patent establishing the Province of Maine was granted on August 10, 1622 to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason by the Plymouth Council for New England, which itself had been granted a royal patent by James I to the coast of North America between the 40th to the 48th parallel "from sea to sea". This first patent encompassed the coast between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers, and an irregular parcel of land between the headwaters of the two rivers. In 1629, Gorges and Mason agreed to split the patent at the Piscataqua River, with Mason retaining the land south of the river as the Province of New Hampshire.
Gorges named his more northerly piece of territory New Somersetshire after his home county of Somerset in England. Lack of funding and the absence of a royal charter held back development,[citation needed] and only a few small settlements were established. Gorges sought to create a neo-feudal community similar to western England. The colony was Anglican and Royalist, and so sided with the king in the English Civil War (1642–1651).[2]
1639 patent
editIn 1639, Gorges obtained a renewed patent, the Gorges Patent, for the area between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers, in the form of a royal charter from Charles I of England. The area was roughly the same as that covered in the 1622 patent after the 1629 split with Mason.[3] This renewed colonization effort was also hampered by lack of money and settlers, but continued to survive even after the death of Gorges in 1647.
Absorption by Massachusetts
editBeginning in the 1640s, the nearby Massachusetts Bay Colony began claiming territories north of the Merrimack River, because the Merrimack's northernmost point was farther north than its mouth. This resulted in its administration of the early settlements of what later became New Hampshire. After a survey made in the early 1650s, Massachusetts extended its land claims as far north as Casco Bay. By 1658, Massachusetts had completed the assimilation of all of Gorges' original territory into its jurisdiction.
In 1664, Charles II of England made a grant to James, Duke of York for territories north and east of the Kennebec River. Under the terms of this patent the territory was incorporated into Cornwall County, part of the duke's proprietary Province of New York. The territory stipulated in this charter encompassed the areas between the Kennebec and St. Croix Rivers. This region, which had previously been called the Territory of Sagadahock, forms the eastern portion of the present-day state of Maine. Charles had intended to include the former Gorges territory in this grant, but the Gorges' heirs instead chose to sell their remaining claims to Massachusetts.
In 1674-75, the region between the Kennebec River and Penobscot Bay was administered as Devonshire County, District of Maine, Massachusetts Bay Colony, overlapping the New York claim. Starting in 1675, King Philip's War resulted in the abandonment of this area by English settlers until the 18th century.
In 1691, William III and Mary II issued a charter for the new Province of Massachusetts Bay that encompassed (in addition to other territories) the former claims of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and those of the Duke of York. The region became York County, Massachusetts and then the District of Maine, part of Massachusetts until it achieved statehood of its own in 1820.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 1168.
- ^ Colin Woodard (December 20, 2020). "Maine can finally get out of Massachusetts' shadow". The Boston Globe.
- ^ Thorpe, Francis Newton (December 18, 1998). "The Federal and State constitutions, colonial charters, and other organic laws of the state[s], territories, and colonies now or heretofore forming the United States of America /compiled and edited under the Act of Congress of June 30, 1906". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
External links
edit- Avalon Project Listing of early Maine patents and charters
- Library of Congress Grants of the Province of Maine