Western ringtail possum

Western ringtail possum
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Diprotodontia
Family:	Pseudocheiridae
Genus:	Pseudocheirus
Species:	P. occidentalis
Binomial name
	Pseudocheirus occidentalis; (Thomas, 1888)
	Western Ringtail Possum range
Synonyms
	Pseudochirus occidentalis Thomas, 1888

The western ringtail possum or ngwayir (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) is a species of possum found in a small area of Southwest Australia. They are a cat-sized marsupial with a stocky build, dark greyish-brown fur, pale underparts and a long prehensile tail with a whitish tip. Ngwayir forage at night through the upper canopy of trees, feeding on young leaves, flowers and fruit, especially in groves of the weeping peppermint Agonis flexuosa. Breeding occurs mainly during the winter, the single juvenile emerging from the pouch after about three months. The population has declined by more than 95% since British settlement, due to clearing of habitat, fire and the introduction of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, and is classified as Critically Endangered. The population in most areas has catastrophically declined or become locally extinct, but strongholds remain in the urbanised areas near Busselton and Albany.

Taxonomy

A description of the species was published in 1888 by Oldfield Thomas in a systematic review of specimens held at the British Museum of Natural History.^[2] The animal was first described as Pseudochirus occidentalis by Thomas, repeating an incorrect spelling of the genus, and currently recognised as Pseudocheirus occidentalis. The classification as subspecies Pseudocheirus peregrinus occidentalis allies the population to the ringtail P. peregrinus which is common in Eastern Australia.^[2]^[3]

The original description of the western population was as a separate species, Pseudocheirus occidentalis,^[4] although it is also noted as a subspecies or member of a Pseudocheirus peregrinus species complex.^[5]^[6]

Common names include the western ringtail possum, ngwayir, womp, woder, ngoor and ngoolangit.^[6] The names derived from the Noongar language were collated in an ethnographic survey of historical interviews, and included two names noted by John Gilbert and others at the Swan River Colony, King George Sound and elsewhere; the local names for this species are regionally distinct rather than dialectical variants.^[7]^[8] The common name assigned by Oldfield Thomas in his description of P. occidentalis was western ring-tailed phalanger.^[2]

Description

Western ringtails are largely-arboreal marsupials smaller than the size of a domestic cat, with stocky bodies, grasping feet and a strong, prehensile tail. The profile of the black back and rump slopes toward a prehensile tail that tapers to a fine white point. The species has a head and body length of 320–400 mm, a tail length of 300–400 mm, and a weight of 750 to 1350 g.^[9] Pseudocheirus occidentalis has dark grey-brown-black fur with light patches behind the ears and a creamy white, sometimes greyish, colour at the underside of the body that extends to the chest and throat. It differs from the common ringtail possum found on the east of the continent, by lacking any rufous colouration in the fur.^[9]

Distribution and habitat

The western ringtail is endemic to south-western Western Australia where it is now found in three main areas; the Swan Coastal Plain, Southern Forests around Manjimup, and the South Coast between Walpole and Cheynes Beach.^[10]

In the Swan Coastal Plain and South Coast, the species favours habitat dominated by Peppermint, as well as Tuart, Marri, Jarrah, Karri, Bullich, Albany Blackbutt, Allocasuarina, Banksia, Kunzea, Nuytsia, and Xylomelum.^[10] In the Southern Forests, peppermint is generally absent and the western ringtails live in Jarrah-dominated eucalypt forests.^[10] Western ringtails also frequent many urban and peri-urban gardens, where they feed on a variety of native and introduced plants.^[11]^[12]

Urban populations surveyed in the city of Albany have revealed an average individual range of 0.88 hectares, moving from their dreys in the day to their preferred night-time habitat in eucalypts. The study demonstrated that populations varied in their use of habitat and the size of the range was dependent on qualities such as the extent and connections of the canopy cover in its favoured tree species.^[13]

Since colonial settlement it has undergone a substantial range contraction, up to 90 per cent of the predicted original range.^[10]^[14] Archaeological records and known locations estimate a historical range that extended southwest from Geraldton to the Hampton Tableland, 200 km west of the border of South Australia.^[8]

Behaviour

The western ringtail is an arboreal and nocturnal herbivore with a relatively small home range of 0.5-6 ha, dependent on habitat type. It uses tree hollows and builds dreys for shelter in tree canopies, their nest-like drey is an assemblage of shredded bark, twigs and leaves.^[9]^[15] They are primarily arboreal, but will move through understorey or open ground to feed or gain shelter when the tree canopy is unconnected.^[13] Sheltering at ground level is recorded, though not usual, more frequently be found at hollows and the upper story of a forest; the species has occasionally be seen to occupy rabbit burrows.^[6]

Western ringtails are folivorous; their diet includes leaves, shoots, fruit and flowers of a range of plants, both native and introduced. Favoured food trees include Jarrah, Marri, and Peppermint. The quality of food sources vary across time and space, and in particular are related to the availability of water and the intensity of recent fire. Young leaves are preferred, avoiding the lignin content of mature plant matter. The species is coprophagic, re-consuming faecal matter digested during the day to increase the nutrients derived from their food.^[8]

Births occur mainly in winter to spring, where usually one young is raised to maturity, although twins may be present in the pouch. Juveniles emerge from the pouch at about three months of age, when they weigh about 125 g, and suckle until they are 6–7 months old, weighing about 550 g.^[15] In the wild, western ringtail life spans has been recorded as up to four years in a jarrah forest, and six years on the Swan Coastal Plain, while in captivity, a female under care in a rehabilitation facility lived for nine years.^[8]

P. occidentalis on a rope bridge

The species will attempt to cross roadways within their foraging range, which leads to a high degree of fatalities as road kill. As a localised conservation measure to reduce the impact of urbanisation on western ringtails, a rope bridge trial was conducted near Busselton.^[16] Western ringtails were recorded investigating the bridge while it was still under construction, and the first crossing was recorded one month after construction was completed.^[16] During the study period, western ringtails were recorded crossing up to nine crossings per night, although less frequently when weather or moonlight inhibited their movements, and its use was adopted by juveniles who had been carried across by their mother.^[16] The success of the rope bridge was greater than anticipated when compared to rope bridge adoption by possums and gliders in similar programs.^[17]

Conservation

Western ringtail road fatality in Busselton, Western Australia

Three "key management zones" have been identified as known to support significant numbers of western ringtail possums.^[10] These include the Swan Coastal Plain, Southern Forests around Manjimup, and the South Coast between Walpole and Cheynes Beach.^[10] Within these zones, the threats to western ringtails are complex, interactive and often population-specific.^[10] These threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, introduced predators (particularly the red fox), climate change, timber harvesting, and inappropriate fire regimes.^[10]

In 2017, the conservation status of the species was re-assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and classified as critically endangered, with an estimated population of around 3,400 individuals.^[18] However since then, surveys of over 40 public reserves across the south-west have found more than 20,000 western ringtail possums.^[19] In addition, western ringtails are known to reside in many cities, towns, and rural areas including Albany,^[20]^[11] Busselton,^[12] and Dunsborough.^[12] Residents across the south-west are being encouraged to make their properties possum-friendly to contribute to their conservation.^[21]^[22]

References

^ Burbidge, A.A.; Zichy-Woinarski, J. (2017). "Pseudocheirus occidentalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T18492A21963100. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18492A21963100.en. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Thomas, O. (1888). Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 116.
^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Subspecies Pseudocheirus peregrinus occidentalis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ Thomas, O (1888). Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). London: Trustees of British Museum (Nat. History).
^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–70. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Pseudocheirus occidentalis – Western Ringtail Possum". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
^ Abbott, Ian (2001). "Aboriginal names of mammal species in south-west Western Australia". CALMScience. 3 (4): 439, 456.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Department of Parks and Wildlife (2017). Western Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) Recovery Plan. Wildlife Management Program No.58. Perth, WA.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Menkhorst, P.W.; Knight, F. (2011). A field guide to the mammals of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780195573954.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Department of Parks and Wildlife (2017). "Western Ringtail Possum (Pseduocheirus occidentalis) Recovery Plan. Wildlife Management Program No. 58. February 2017" (PDF). Western Ringtail Possum (Pseduocheirus occidentalis) Recovery Plan 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b Balaam, Kellie (10 December 2020). "UWA study finds Albany backyards are an important haven for possums". Albany Advertiser. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Loney, Georgia (6 April 2021). "Western ringtail possum being saved from extinction in bountiful Busselton backyards". ABC South West WA. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b Comer, S.J.; Close, P.G.; Speldewinde, P.C.; Helden, B.E.V. (9 August 2018). "Use of urban bushland remnants by the western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis): short-term home-range size and habitat use in Albany, Western Australia". Australian Mammalogy. 40 (2): 173–180. doi:10.1071/AM17026. ISSN 1836-7402.
^ Jones, B.A. (2004). "The possum fauna of Western Australia: decline, persistence and status". In Goldingay, R.L.; Jackson, S.M. (eds.). The Biology of Australian Possums and Gliders. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 149–160.
^ ^a ^b "Naturebase documents: Western Ringtail Possum" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yokochi, K.; Bencini, R. (2015). "A remarkably quick habituation and high use of a rope bridge by an endangered marsupial, the western ringtail possum". Nature Conservation. 11: 79–94. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.11.4385. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30084330.
^ Yokochi, K.; Bencini, R. (28 July 2015). "A remarkably quick habituation and high use of a rope bridge by an endangered marsupial, the western ringtail possum". Nature Conservation. 11: 79–94. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.11.4385. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30084330. ISSN 1314-3301.
^ Burbidge, A.A.; Zichy-Woinarski, J. (2017). "Pseudocheirus occidentalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T18492A21963100". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18492A21963100.en. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Biota Environmental Sciences (2020). "Western Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus occidentalis Regional Surveys" (PDF). Western Ringtail Possum Survey Rev 0. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ Smith, Shannon (21 May 2021). "Spotlight on western ringtail possums living in urban areas". Albany Advertiser. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ Nature Conservation Margaret River Region. "Western Ringtail Possums and Your Property: A Guide to Conserve and Encourage Them On Your Patch" (PDF). WRP-and-your-property-A5-booklet.pdf. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ Steven, Rochelle; Threatened Species Recovery Hub; National Environmental Science Programme. "Citizen Science for the Western ringtail possum" (PDF). 6-5-living-with-ringtail-possums_v5f.pdf. Retrieved 27 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)