Psychomotor learning is the relationship between cognitive functions and physical movement. Psychomotor learning is demonstrated by physical skills such as movement, coordination, manipulation, dexterity, grace, strength, speed—actions which demonstrate the fine or gross motor skills, such as use of precision instruments or tools, and walking. Sports and dance are the richest realms of gross psychomotor skills.
Behavioral examples include driving a car, throwing a ball, and playing a musical instrument. In psychomotor learning research, attention is given to the learning of coordinated activity involving the arms, hands, fingers, and feet, while verbal processes are not emphasized.[1]
Stages of psychomotor development
editAccording to Paul Fitts and Michael Posner's three-stage model, when learning psychomotor skills, individuals progress through the cognitive stages, the associative stage, and the autonomic stage.[2] The cognitive stage is marked by awkward slow and choppy movements that the learner tries to control. The learner has to think about each movement before attempting it. In the associative stage, the learner spends less time thinking about every detail, however, the movements are still not a permanent part of the brain. In the autonomic stage, the learner can refine the skill through practice, but no longer needs to think about the movement.[3]
Factors affecting psychomotor skills
edit- Psychological feedback
- Amount of practice
- Task complexity
- Work distribution
- Motive-incentive conditions
- Environmental factors
How motor behaviors are recorded
editThe motor cortices are involved in the formation and retention of memories and skills.[4] When an individual learns physical movements, this leads to changes in the motor cortex. The more practiced a movement is, the stronger the neural encoding becomes. A study cited how the cortical areas include neurons that process movements and that these neurons change their behavior during and after being exposed to tasks.[5] Psychomotor learning is not limited to the motor cortex, however.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Psychomotor learning". Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- ^ Karahan, Mustafa; Kerkhoffs, Gino; Randelli, Pietro; Tujthof, Gabriëlle (2014). Effective Training of Arthroscopic Skills. Cham: Springer. p. 24. ISBN 9783662449431.
- ^ "Psychomotor development and learning.Ada taik2 bintik2". Essortment.com. 1986-05-16. Archived from the original on 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ Shmuelof, Lior; Krakauer, John (2015). Recent insights into perceptual and motor skill learning (The computational and neural processes underlying perceptual and motor skill learning). Laussane: Frontiers Media SA. p. 56. ISBN 9782889194469.
- ^ Riehle, Alexa; Vaadia, Eilon (2004). Motor Cortex in Voluntary Movements: A Distributed System for Distributed Functions. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0849312876.