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Chinese publishing and printing industry have a long history. The first printed book sold commercially was sold in the markets of Tang dynasty China in 762, while printed paper receipts used for business transactions and tax payments can be dated to 782.[1] The Chinese publishing industry continues to grow in modern times. In 2004, China published 25.77 billion copies of national-level and provincial-level newspapers, 2.69 billion magazines, and 6.44 billion books.[2]
Overview
edit
Since China began incorporation of its publishing industry in 2002, 55 publishing groups have been set up. The largest, China Publishing Group (CPG) (Chinese: 中国出版集团), established in April 2003, incorporates 12 large enterprises and institutes including The Commercial Press, the Zhonghua Book Company, the DSX Book Company, and the main store of the Xinhua Bookstore, China International Publishing Trade Corporation, and China Book Import and Export (Group) Corporation. According to a national plan, by the end of 2005 China will have 5-10 publishing groups with annual sales of between ¥1 billion and ¥10 billion; 10-20 periodicals with worldwide distribution, and 1-2 periodical groups with annual sales of ¥300 million to ¥500 million.
Meanwhile, in accordance with China's undertakings to WTO, the State Press and Publication Administration of China issued the Administrative Measures on Foreign-Invested Book, Newspaper and Periodical Distribution Enterprises in May 2003. This allowed foreign investors to engage in book, newspaper and periodical retailing as of May 1, 2003, and wholesaling as of December 1, 2004, and stipulating that foreign investors must have the approval of the State Press and Publication Administration to establish book, newspaper and periodical retailing and wholesaling enterprises. At present, more than 60 foreign-invested enterprises have set up agencies in mainland China, preparing to apply for or in the process of applying for investment in and the establishment of book, newspaper and periodical distribution enterprises.
History
editPre-modern
edit- ~250 BCE - Writing on silk begins; previously writing on bamboo was the usual method.[3]
- ~150 BCE - Hemp papermaking begins.[3]
- 868 CE - Block-printed Buddhist Diamond Sutra published.[3]
- 1041 CE - Book printing from moveable type begins.[3]
People's Republic of China
editFrom the late 1950s to the 1970s, publishing was organized without profit motivation and on the basis of the state's interests.[4]: 31
"How-to" manuals on practical topics were popular by the Republican period, but publishing of such manuals expanded rapidly during the 1950s as part of the Communist Party's position that scientific knowledge should be widely spread and available to the people.[5]
In 1964, Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung (the Little Red Book) was first issued. During the 1960s, the book was the single most visible icon in China.[6]
Western fictional works published for public audiences focused on literature deemed as addressing the miseries of capitalism, such as works by Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, and Leo Tolstoy.[4]: 31 A broader range of Western works were produced as "White Cover Books" for restricted internal publishing and were not available in bookstores.[4]: 31 Beginning in 1976, publishers increasingly produced translated Western fiction, including both works deemed classic or artistically serious, as well as fiction for the popular market.[4]: 32 Since the 1980s, the norm for popular fiction translating and publication in China is the use multiple translators in the interest of rapid publication.[4]: 25
Books and periodicals
editThe Chinese book industry is the second largest in the world, after the United States. Receipts in 2013 totaled $8 billion from 400,000 titles.[7]
As of 2015, there were about 580 state-controlled publishing houses[7] and 292 audio-video publishers in China. The state has also planned key book publication projects and established prizes for books, promoting the development of the publishing industry.
In 1949, there were only 257 periodicals in China, with a total impression of 20 million, or less than 0.1 copy per capita. In 1979, after the reform and opening-up, the number of periodicals rose to 1,470, with a total of 1.184 billion copies, or 1 copy per capita. In 2004, there were more than 8,000 periodicals in China, with a total impression of 2.69 billion, or more than 2.1 copies per person.[citation needed]
Along with the speeding up of the information industry, the electronic publications market produces over 2,000 electronic publications, annually.[citation needed]
Publishers must have a license from the government in order to issue ISBNs.[4]: 32 Publishing companies without this license can partner with publishing companies that do in order to obtain ISBNs for their books.[4]: 32
Foreign-language publishing
editThe China International Publishing Group (CIPG, Chinese: 中国国际出版集团) undertakes the publication, printing and distribution of foreign-language books and periodicals, playing a unique role in publishing, cultural exchange and cooperation. It consists of four print magazines and several websites in many languages including English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Japanese, Esperanto and Chinese.
The four magazines are Beijing Review, China Today, China Pictorial, and People's China. It also has seven publishing houses, including Foreign Languages Press and New World Press, publishing nearly 1,000 titles annually, covering a wide range of subjects in more than 20 foreign languages. The books are distributed to some 190 countries and regions, presenting China to all countries and promoting cultural exchange. The China International Book Trading Corporation, a member of the CIPG, distributes foreign-language books and periodicals to 80-odd countries and regions, and holds exhibition of Chinese books abroad.
The Intercontinental Communications Center
editThis is a non-governmental international communications organization specializing in producing multi-language audio-video products (including films and television programs) and regular publications. Since it was founded in 1993, it has turned out several hundred hours of movies and television programs and about a hundred books every year, which reach well over 150 countries and regions across the world. These programs and books mainly introduce to the world China's society, culture, customs, reform and opening-up, and modernization drive, as well as China's views on issues of international concern.
The China Internet Information Center
editThis center went into operation on January 1, 1997, utilizing Internet technology to introduce the most authoritative and comprehensive information about China to people at home and abroad. Over 91 percent of its readership is overseas.[citation needed]
Scientific publishing
editDigital publishing
editDigital publishing is emerging as a new economic growth point for the country's publishing industry, with China's digital publishing industry is predicted to continue posting annual revenue growth rates of about 50 percent in the next few years. The General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP), predicted the revenue of the digital publishing sector to exceed ¥75 billion ($10.98 billion) in 2009. Industry revenue in 2008 hit ¥53 billion, up 46 percent year-on-year, the administration's figures showed.
The digital publishing industry include the digitalization of traditional publishing products, such as newspapers, books and cell phone text messages, and new digital media. It is estimated a 30 percent annual growth in the number of digital publishing products users in the next few years with the growing popularity of digital technology. About 90 percent of China's 578 publishing houses have digital products. In a national survey of about 40 newspapers, 30 have their online edition and 22 have mobile newspapers sent via cell phone messages.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Invention of Woodblock Printing in the Tang (618–906) and Song (960–1279) Dynasties - Education - Asian Art Museum". Education. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
- ^ "Publishing -- china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
- ^ a b c d Michelle Levy; Tom Mole (2017). Broadview Introduction to Book History. Canada: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55481-087-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g Reinders, Eric (2024). Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350374645.
- ^ Altehenger, Jennifer (2022). "Bamboo Objects". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.). Material Contradictions in Mao's China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-295-75085-9.
- ^ Who, What, Why: What is the Little Red Book?, BBC, 15 November 2015
- ^ a b Alter, Alexandra (2015-05-29). "China's Publishers Court America as Its Authors Scorn Censorship". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
The Chinese book business has ballooned into an $8 billion industry, the second largest after the United States. Chinese publishers released 444,000 titles in 2013, up from around 328,000 in 2010.
Bibliography
edit- "People's Republic of China: Directory: Publishers". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 1143+. ISBN 1857432533.
External links
edit- "China National Bibliography". Ifla.org. The Hague: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. (Chinese: 中国国家书目; list of Chinese printed publications published in China since 1911)