Rhodamine 6G

Rhodamine 6G
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 9-[2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-N-ethyl-6-(ethylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium chloride
	Other names Rhodamine 590, R6G, Rh6G, C.I. Pigment Red 81, C.I. Pigment Red 169, Basic Rhodamine Yellow , C.I. 45160
Identifiers
CAS Number	989-38-8 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:52672;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL402140 ; ChEMBL1185241 (base) ;
ChemSpider	16736263 ;
DrugBank	DB03825;
ECHA InfoCard	100.012.350
EC Number	213-584-9;
KEGG	C11177 ;
PubChem CID	65211;
RTECS number	DH0175000;
UNII	037VRW83CF ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1021243 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C28H30N2O3.ClH/c1-6-29-23-15-25-21(13-17(23)4)27(19-11-9-10-12-20(19)28(31)32-8-3)22-14-18(5)24(30-7-2)16-26(22)33-25;/h9-16,29H,6-8H2,1-5H3;1H/b30-24-; Key: VYXSBFYARXAAKO-BXMGYBSLSA-N ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C28H31N2O3Cl
Molar mass	479.02 g/mol
Appearance	dark reddish purple, brown or black crystalline solid
Density	1.26 g/cm3 [citation needed]
Solubility in water	20 g/L (25 °C) [citation needed]
Solubility in methanol	400 g/L [citation needed]
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H301, H302, H318, H410, H411
Precautionary statements	P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P310, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P330, P391, P405, P501
Safety data sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Rhodamine 6G /ˈroʊdəmiːn/ is a highly fluorescent rhodamine family dye. It is often used as a tracer dye within water to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport. Rhodamine dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected easily and inexpensively with instruments called fluorometers. Rhodamine dyes are used extensively in biotechnology applications such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ELISA.

Forms

Rhodamine 6G chloride powder mixed with methanol, emitting yellow light under green laser illumination

Rhodamine 6G usually comes in three different forms. Rhodamine 6G chloride is a bronze/red powder with the chemical formula C₂₈H₃₁ClN₂O₃. Although highly soluble, this formulation is very corrosive to all metals except stainless steel. Other formulations are less soluble, but also less corrosive. Rhodamine 6G perchlorate (C₂₈H₃₁ClN₂O₇) comes in the form of red crystals, while rhodamine 6G tetrafluoroborate (C₂₈H₃₁BF₄N₂O₃) appears as maroon crystals.^[1]

Solubility

Butanol (40 g/L), ethanol (80 g/L), methanol (400 g/L), propanol (15 g/L), MEG (50 g/L), DEG ( 100 g/L), TEG (100 g/L), isopropanol (15 g/L), ethoxyethanol (25 g/L), methoxyethanol (50 g/L), dipropylene glycol (30 g/L), PEG (20 g/L).^[2]

Laser dye

Rhodamine 6G-based dye laser. The dye solution is the orange fluid in the tubes.

Rhodamine 6G is also used as a laser dye, or gain medium, in dye lasers,^[3]^[4] and is pumped by the second (532 nm) harmonic from an Nd:YAG laser, nitrogen laser, or argon ion laser.^[5] The dye has a remarkably high photostability, high fluorescence quantum yield (0.95^[6]), low cost, and its lasing range has close proximity to its absorption maximum (approximately 530 nm). The lasing range of the dye is 570 to 660 nm with a maximum at 590 nm.^[7]

Properties

The refractive index of Rhodamine 6G has been determined in recent studies. According to research published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces^[8] and the Refractive Index Database,^[9] the refractive index is 1.87 (k=0.79) for 532 nm wavelength.

References

^ http://www.exciton.com/pdfs/RH590.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ "Rhodamine 6G".
^ F. P. Schäfer (Ed.), Dye Lasers, 3rd Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).
^ F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (Eds.), Dye Laser Principles (Academic, New York, 1990).
^ Peterson, O. G.; Tuccio, S. A.; Snavely, B. B. (1970). "cw OPERATION OF AN ORGANIC DYE SOLUTION LASER". Applied Physics Letters. 17 (6): 245–247. doi:10.1063/1.1653384. ISSN 0003-6951.
^ R. F. Kubin and A. N. Fletcher, "Fluorescence quantum yields of some rhodamine dyes." J. Luminescence 27 (1982) 455
^ Yarborough, J. M. (1974). "cw dye laser emission spanning the visible spectrum". Applied Physics Letters. 24 (12): 629–630. Bibcode:1974ApPhL..24..629Y. doi:10.1063/1.1655082. ISSN 0003-6951.
^ Seçkin, S.; Singh, P.; Jaiswal, A.; König, T.A.F. (2023). "Super-radiant SERS enhancement by plasmonic particle gratings". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 15 (36): 43124–43134. doi:10.1021/acsami.3c07532. PMID 37665350. S2CID 261511455.
^ Refractive Index Database entry for Rhodamine 6G

[1] ttp://www.exciton.com/pdfs/RH590.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[2] "Rhodamine 6G".

[3] F. P. Schäfer (Ed.), Dye Lasers, 3rd Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).

[4] F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (Eds.), Dye Laser Principles (Academic, New York, 1990).

[PetersonTuccio1970-5] Peterson, O. G.; Tuccio, S. A.; Snavely, B. B. (1970). "cw OPERATION OF AN ORGANIC DYE SOLUTION LASER". Applied Physics Letters. 17 (6): 245–247. doi:10.1063/1.1653384. ISSN 0003-6951.

[6] R. F. Kubin and A. N. Fletcher, "Fluorescence quantum yields of some rhodamine dyes." J. Luminescence 27 (1982) 455

[Yarborough1974-7] Yarborough, J. M. (1974). "cw dye laser emission spanning the visible spectrum". Applied Physics Letters. 24 (12): 629–630. Bibcode:1974ApPhL..24..629Y. doi:10.1063/1.1655082. ISSN 0003-6951.

[8] Seçkin, S.; Singh, P.; Jaiswal, A.; König, T.A.F. (2023). "Super-radiant SERS enhancement by plasmonic particle gratings". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 15 (36): 43124–43134. doi:10.1021/acsami.3c07532. PMID 37665350. S2CID 261511455.

[9] Refractive Index Database entry for Rhodamine 6G

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