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Canada–Israel relations

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Canada and Israel share bilateral diplomatic, commercial, and cultural ties. Canada recognised Israel on 11 May 1949, three days before the first anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, and currently maintains an embassy in Tel Aviv;[1] Israel maintains an embassy in Ottawa, at 50 O'Connor Street,[2] and regional consulates in Montreal and Toronto.[3][4]

Canadian–Israeli relations
Map indicating locations of Canada and Israel

Canada
Israel
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Canada, Tel AvivEmbassy of Israel, Ottawa
Envoy
Ambassador Lisa StadelbauerAmbassador Iddo Moed

Early history

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In the 1930s, as tensions rose between the Arab and Jewish populations of Mandatory Palestine, restrictions were placed by the British authorities on Jewish immigration to the region. During this time, Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King, who has been accused of harbouring latent anti-Semitism during his lifetime, passively accepted the British anti-immigration policies in the Mandate.[5] In general, the immigration of Jews to the Holy Land was not met with opposition or concern in Canada; however, institutions and groups such as the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec expressed hostility toward Jews and Zionism, largely on the basis of existing theological prejudices.[6][7]

In 1947, as a representative on the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), Canada was among the 33 countries that voted in favour of the Partition Plan for Palestine, which aimed to split the British Mandate into an Arab state and a Jewish state with an internationalised Jerusalem. Despite heavy pressure from the United Kingdom on the Commonwealth of Nations to abstain during the vote, the Partition Plan was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly with a majority of the representatives in favour. While the Partition Plan could not be implemented as intended due to the outbreak of a civil war in the territory, the State of Israel emerged with an agreed border by 1949.[citation needed]

Canada granted de facto recognition to Israel in December 1948 and full de jure recognition on 11 May 1949 after the Jewish state was admitted into the United Nations as a member state. One week later, Avraham Harman was appointed as Israel's first Consul-General to Canada. In September 1953, a Canadian embassy was opened in Tel Aviv, and Michael Comay was appointed as the Israeli ambassador to Canada; a Canadian ambassador to Israel was appointed in 1958.[citation needed]

Diplomatic relations in the 20th century

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Margaret Meagher, Canadian ambassador to Israel, 1959

In May 1961, David Ben-Gurion was the first Israeli Prime Minister to make an official visit to Canada. Since then, officials from both countries have made frequent trips. Members of Parliament, Cabinet Ministers and Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada have visited, Israel demonstrating the ever strengthening relationship and cooperation. In addition, the premiers of Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Ontario and Alberta and cabinet ministers from other provinces, have led successful commercial and cultural missions to Israel. A number of Canadian municipalities are twinning with Israeli cities. In 1957, after the Sinai Campaign, Lester Pearson, the Secretary of State for External Affairs, received the Nobel Peace Prize for successfully leading the process by which UN peace keeping troops were stationed along the border between Israel and Egypt. Canadian troops also played a central role in the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF). This role is part of the wider Canadian commitment to efforts designed to end the Arab-Israel conflict.[5] Later, in the late 1970s, Canada encouraged the peace negotiations between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Begin stopped in Canada and met with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1977.

In general, while diplomatic relations were cordial, they were not particularly close during this period. A number of Canadian diplomats, like their European counterparts, tended to support the Arab positions against Israel in the United Nations and other frameworks. The Canadian Arabists, such as Ambassador Michael D. Bell, sought to align policy with the Arab states in order to promote commercial interests, and to gain Arab support for Canadian candidates and positions, in the United Nations. These positions generated considerable friction with Israel.

In the 1970s, the issue of Canadian complicity in the Arab economic warfare against Israel became an issue, particularly as cooperation with the boycott was illegal in the U.S., and was inconsistent with Canada's declaratory role as a global peace-maker. Ontario and Manitoba adopted anti-boycott policies, leading Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to consider federal legislation to prohibit Canadians and Canadian companies from cooperating with the Arab economic boycott of Israel. When corporate interests dealing with Arab and Muslim opposed the legislation, fearing a backlash, Trudeau allowed the legislation to die.[8]

In the Mulroney era Canada's support for Israel received strong public endorsement during the Gulf War, during which Iraqi missiles were fired into Israel from occupied Kuwait. Canadian forces were part of the United States-led coalition against Ba'athist Iraq during this time.

In the multilateral negotiations that took place after the 1991 Madrid Conference, Canada agreed to head the multilateral working group on Palestinian refugee issues. Although a number of meetings were held and different options were discussed, no agreements were reached. In 1995, the multilateral talks reached an impasse.[9]

Since 1995 Palestine has had a diplomatic delegation, Palestinian General Delegation to Canada, in Ottawa. This flowed from the decision of the Jean Chretien government in support of the Oslo Accords.[10]

Diplomatic relations in the 21st century

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Former Israeli Chief of General Staff Benny Gantz with former Canadian Chief of Defense Staff Walter Natynczyk, 2012

The Harper government played a direct role in forming policy for the region,[11] seeking to adjust the positions to be in conformity with the principles of the Conservative majority. Consequently, diplomats who promoted anti-Israel or Arabist policies lost influence.[citation needed]

As anti-Israel political movements spread to Canada, including at university campuses through events such as Israeli Apartheid Week (IAW), Canadian government officials and members of parliament from different parties expressed opposition. In 2010, Conservative MP Tim Uppal introduced a motion in the Canadian House of Commons that condemned IAW "for seeking to delegitimize the State of Israel by equating it with the racist South African apartheid regime." NDP and Bloc Québécois members refused to agree to its unanimous passage. The Bloc submitted its own motion, which also criticised use of the word "apartheid" but added a clause, stating not every criticism of Israel is anti-Semitic. The result was that all parties, with the exception of some NDP members, denounced Israeli Apartheid Week.[12]

 
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and King Mohammed VI of Morocco, November 11, 2018

On April 29, 2009, to mark the 61st anniversary of the State of Israel, PM Stephen Harper said "We count ourselves among Israel's closest partners. Since its founding in 1948, Canada has supported Israel and its right to live in peace and security with its neighbours. We value this relationship and look forward to continued friendship and collaboration."[13]

In a magazine interview published February 12, 2010, Environment Minister Peter Kent said: "Prime Minister Harper has made it quite clear for some time now and has regularly stated that an attack on Israel would be considered an attack on Canada."[14][15]

Following the return of the Liberal Party to power under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2015, relations between Canada and Israel remained largely unchanged. In September 2016, Trudeau headed the Canadian delegation to the state funeral of Israeli leader Shimon Peres, and in his condolence message, stated: "Mr. Peres was an internationally-respected statesman and a great friend to Canada. He visited our country often, and helped build relations that remain strong to this day."[16]

On 7 October 2023 occurred the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. The day after the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, Trudeau issued a statement condemning Hamas’ attack and affirming Israel’s right to defend itself while maintaining international law.[17] On October 24, 2023, Trudeau rejected calls for a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war but said he supported "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to the people of the Gaza Strip.[18] However, on November 14, 2023, Trudeau urged Israel to stop "this killing of women, of children, of babies" in the Gaza Strip. His statements were subsequently criticized by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[19] Over the course of the war, Canada implemented an arms embargo on Israel and issued sanctions against several Israeli settlers and organizations, citing West Bank violence.[20][21] In 2024, Trudeau stated that Canada would "abide" by the International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation in Palestine's issuing of an arrest warrant for Netanyahu if he entered the country.[22]

Canada, Israel, and the United Nations

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Canada's activities and policies in the United Nations arena are generally a major expression of and component of its foreign policy, and the issues surrounding Israel receive disproportionate attention in the UN, due largely to the hostility of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which form the largest voting bloc in the international body.[23] In 1947, Canada was represented on the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), and was among the 33 countries that voted in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution, which led to the establishment of the State of Israel.

In 1956 the Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada Lester B. Pearson was instrumental in forming the United Nations Emergency Force in the First Emergency Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly. These peacekeepers were the first of their kind, and directed against the French, British and Israeli forces who sought to maintain the status quo in the Suez Crisis.

In order to avoid conflict and criticism from the oil-rich Arab countries, and reflecting the advice of the Arabists among the Canadian diplomatic corps, such as Michael D Bell for many years,[24] Canada either abstained or joined in voting against the numerous anti-Israel resolutions, in contrast to the United States, which voted with Israel. For many In the 1990s, the friction between Canada and Israel increased over this issue.[citation needed]

This policy changed under the Harper government, which voted more on the basis of support for and identification with Israeli democracy. On many anti-Israel resolutions introduced annually in the UN, Canada began to vote with Israel, the US, and Australia, and not with the Arab and Islamic blocs. For example, in the 2011 General Assembly Canada voted against a series of one-sided and strictly political resolution promoting "solidarity" with the Palestinians.[12]

In October 2010, Canada lost to Portugal in a vote for a seat at the Security Council, which has been attributed by some to the Arab and Islamic bloc's effort to punish Ottawa for not supporting anti-Israel agendas at the UN.[25][26][27] At a conference on combating anti-Semitism in Ottawa, November 8, 2010, Canadian PM Harper said "I know, by the way, because I have the bruises to show for it, that whether it is at the United Nations, or any other international forum, the easiest thing to do is simply to just get along and go along with this anti-Israeli rhetoric (...) There are, after all, a lot more votes — a lot more — in being anti-Israeli than in taking a stand. But, as long as I am prime minister, whether it is at the UN or the Francophonie or anywhere else, Canada will take that stand, whatever the cost.[28]

In 2016, Liberal Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that in 2020, Canada would seek election to the Security Council, raising concerns that in order to get support from the 57-nation Organization of Islamic Cooperation bloc, Ottawa would return to policies and votes for resolutions that targeted Israel.[29]

In May 2024 Canada abstained from a vote for recognition of Palestinian statehood at the UN.[30]

Trade relations

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Canada exports agricultural products and raw materials to Israel, which, in turn, exports diamonds, textiles, clothing, and food products to Canada. On July 31, 1996, Canada and Israel signed a free trade agreement, called the Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement (CIFTA). It came into effect on January 1, 1997. Bilateral trade subsequently increased to $1.24 billion by 2005.

In 2012, Joe Oliver, Canadian Minister of Natural Resources, and Uzi Landau, the former Israeli Minister of Energy and Water Resources, announced the creation of the Canada-Israel Energy Science and Technology Fund to spur the development of energy technologies and processes for the development of unconventional oil and gas resources. The Fund is expected to generate $20 to $40 million in collaborative research and development over a period of three years. Two Canadian R & D workshops took place in March 2013, bringing together leading Canadian and Israeli stakeholders.[31]

In September 2019, following four years of negotiations, the updated version of CIFTA entered into force, following ratification by both governments. The new agreement included Israeli access to Canada for the sales of produce and grain products, as well as wines. Israel agreed to tariff exemptions for Canadian companies in the realm of agricultural, agri-food and fisheries products. Clauses on women's rights and gender equality in trade were also included.[32] The volume of bilateral trade between Israel and Canada in 2018 was $1.1 billion, consisting primarily of chemical and machinery-related products, as well as medical or optical instruments.[32]

Arms trade

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Toronto rally for Palestine on 18 November 2023

Israel was among Canada's top twelve non-US export destinations for military equipment in 2021 and 2022. Canada exported $26.1 million worth of military goods and technology to Israel in 2021,[33] and $21.3 million worth in 2022.[34]

On March 19, 2024, Melanie Joly announced that Canada would halt future arms deals to Israel, due to alleged Israeli failure to do enough to protect civilians in Gaza during the war.[35] Canada "had already reduced its weapons shipments to Israel to non-lethal equipment such as radios" at some point "following the October 7 Hamas attack."[36] Parliament "passed a non-binding resolution calling for the international community to work toward a two-state solution between Israel and the Palestinians" that week,[36] but three of the Trudeau government's members voted against the motion.[37] The vote was 204-117 with the support of Liberal Party of Canada, the New Democratic Party, the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party of Canada also called on Canada to work "towards the establishment of the state of Palestine".[35] It came to light then that Joly had not approved an arms export permit since 8 January, and that Joly said "There are no open permits for exports of lethal goods to Israel".[37] Israel Katz, Israel's Foreign Minister, responded by saying: "History will judge Canada’s current action harshly."[38] Industry executives such as represented by the Canadian Association of Defence and Security Industries were baffled and dismayed,[39] while trade unions such as the Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW), the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) and the Public Service Alliance of Canada thought it right and proper.[40] The Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East thought the NDP measure didn't go far enough.[41]

On 10 September 2024 Joly blocked the shipment of Quebec-manufactured ammunition from a subsidiary of General Dynamics to the US that was bound for Israel.[42][43] Joly "was adamant Canada must end any arms shipments to the conflict in Gaza."[43] Since 7 October 2023 she had also suspended 30 arms export permits towards Israel.[43] It was said at the time that this measure "is also adversely affecting Canadian jobs and preventing Canadian Forces from accessing essential equipment like the pilot helmets produced in partnership between Israeli and Canadian suppliers."[43] The National Council of Canadian Muslims urged this course on Joly.[42] It was noticed in Israel that Joly had suspended from 7 October to date 30 arms export permits.[44]

Public opinion polls

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The Conservative Party of Canada announced in 2018 that if elected, they would recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel following the lead of President Trump's U.S. Embassy move

A 2005 Gallup Poll of Canadian views on the Arab-Israeli conflict found that 34% sympathised most with Israel, 30% sympathised most with Palestinian Arabs, and 36% said they did not have sympathy for either party or had no opinion.[45]

According to a COMPAS poll during the 2006 Lebanon War, the majority of Canadians believed Israel has a right to self-defense and Iran and Syria should not be sheltering Hezbollah, which is classified as a terrorist organisation in Canada. 45% of Canadians opposed Harper's pro-Israeli stance. According to the COMPAS poll, 38 per cent of those polled believed Hezbollah started the war, and 35 per cent believe Israel started the war.[46]

According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 25% of Canadians view Israel as having a positive influence.[47] An online poll, by Canada's Sun News in 2014, indicated that 72% would support Israel in a war with Iran.[48]

In another poll conducted in 2012, 48% of Canadians supported their government favouring neither the Israelis nor the Palestinians.[49]

A poll conducted by Canada's Forum Research after the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, found that 26% of Canadians support Israel, while 17% support Palestinians. Despite Canadians' support for Israel, they still remain critical of Israel's policies, as 49% believed the attack on Gaza during that summer was not justified (against 30% who think it was), 42% agreed that Israel's use of force was out of proportion, and 41% disagreed that Hamas is the only one responsible for the deaths of innocent Gazans. However, a large majority of 73% believed Hamas' rocket attacks on Israel are unjustified.[50]

An EKOS poll conducted in September 2023 found that 48% of Canadians aged 18 to 34 saw Israel as "a state with segregation similar to apartheid", compared to 29% of Canadians aged 55 to 64.[51] A Mainstreet Research poll conducted in early November 2023 found that 59% of Canadians approved of Canada's support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war, while 18% disapproved.[52] On the subject of Palestinian genocide accusations, an Angus Reid poll conducted in early February 2024 found that 41% of Canadians believed Israel is committing genocide, while 32% rejected the accusation.[53]

Controversies

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  • Israeli agents working for the Mossad are widely believed to be responsible for the assassination of Gerald Bull, a Canadian engineer, in Brussels, Belgium in 1990[54]
  • In September 1997, Mossad agents were apprehended by Jordanian authorities after attempting to assassinate Khaled Mashal, a senior Hamas member. They were found to have used Canadian passports as part of the assassination attempt. Canada recalled its Ambassador to Israel in protest over the misuse of Canadian passports.[55]
  • In 2008, Israeli Ambassador to Canada, Alan Baker, said he feared Canadian Muslims might impact Canada's foreign policy. He said that the Canadian Muslims might push their values onto Canadians, which "wouldn't gel with Canadian values of mutual respect." He also criticised a Muslim Member of Parliament, Omar Alghabra[56] and said that "Muslim activists" had prevented him from speaking.[57] Bob Rae of the Liberal party called the comments inappropriate and inaccurate and Alghabra described them as "generalizing" and "divisive." The Canadian Arab Federation accused Baker of sowing division amongst Canadians.[57] An editorial in the Toronto Star asserted that Israeli diplomats should not "interfere in Canadian affairs".[56]

Resident diplomatic missions

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Embassy of Israel in Ottawa
LocationOttawa
Address50 O'Connor St., suite 1005
AmbassadorNimrod Barkan
Embassy of Canada, Tel Aviv
LocationTel Aviv
AddressCanada House, 3/5 Nirim Street, 4th Floor, Tel Aviv 6706038, Israel
AmbassadorLisa Stadelbauer

The Embassy of Israel in Ottawa is Israel's embassy in Canada. It is located at 50 O'Connor Street, suite 1005, in Ottawa, the Canadian capital. Israel also operates Canadian regional consulates in Montreal and Toronto. In May 2011, it was vandalised with a spray painted message which read "Embassy of War Crimes".[58]

It was reported in October 2022 that the RCMP had downgraded security for the Embassy of Israel in Ottawa and Israeli head of mission shortly after Nimrod Barkan, the former ambassador of Israel to Canada, retired in November 2019.[59] Officials at the Embassy of Israel in Ottawa have stated that in the current climate there is a feeling of being at risk of violence after nearly three years of pushing Global Affairs Canada to increase its security.[59]

Ambassadors

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In 2013, Vivian Bercovici from Toronto was appointed as the Canadian Ambassador to Israel, and she served until June 2016. Currently, Lisa Stadelbauer is the Canadian Ambassador to Israel. She has served since 2021.[60]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (11 September 2013). "Contact and Office Information". GAC. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  2. ^ "About the Embassy". embassies.gov.il. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  3. ^ "About the Embassy". Embassy of Israel in Canada. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  4. ^ "Consular Services". Embassy of Israel in Canada. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  5. ^ a b Kay, Zachariah (2010). The Diplomacy of Impartiality: Canada and Israel, 1958-1968. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1554581870.
  6. ^ Brown, Michael (1987). Jew or Juif: Jews, French Canadians and Anglo-Canadians 1759-1914. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society.
  7. ^ Delisle, Esther (1993). The Traitor and the Jews: Anti-Semitism and Extremist Right-Wing Nationalism in French Canada, 1929-1939. Toronto, Ont: Robert Davies Publishing.
  8. ^ Stanislawski, Howard (1983). Ethnic Interest Group Activity in the Canadian Foreign Policy-Making process: A Case Study of the Arab Boycott. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press. pp. 200–220.
  9. ^ Spiegel, Steve; Pervin, David (1995). Practical Peacemaking in the Middle East: The Environment, Water, Refugees and Development. Routledge.
  10. ^ "Canada-West Bank-the Gaza Strip relations". 7 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Canadian support for Israel under scrutiny". Canada Standard. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  12. ^ Layton hopes Israel issue disappears, John Ivison, National Post, Tuesday, March 16, 2010
  13. ^ "Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  14. ^ Kent: An Attack on Israel is an Attack on Canada Archived 2010-03-25 at the Wayback Machine, By: ELAD BENARI, Shalom Life, Published: February 12th 2010
  15. ^ Attack on Israel is an attack on Canada, Kent says, Steven Chase, Globe and Mail, Feb. 16, 2010
  16. ^ Toolkit, Web Experience (27 September 2016). "Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on the death of Shimon Peres". Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  17. ^ "Statement by the Prime Minister on attacks against Israel". Prime Minister of Canada. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  18. ^ "Liberals remain divided after Trudeau's call for 'humanitarian pauses' in Israel-Hamas war". The Globe and Mail. 25 October 2023.
  19. ^ "PM slams Trudeau for saying Israel must stop 'this killing of women, children, babies'". The Times of Israel. 15 November 2023.
  20. ^ Ljunggren, David. "Canadian freeze on new arms export permits to Israel to stay". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  21. ^ Ljunggren, David. "Canada sanctions seven Israelis, five entities over West Bank violence". Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  22. ^ Fife, Robert (21 November 2024). "Trudeau says Canada would abide by ICC arrest warrants for Netanyahu, former defence minister". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  23. ^ Gold, Dore (2004). Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos. New York: Random House.
  24. ^ Ben-Dat, Mordechai (8 January 2009). "Free, but unhelpful advice - The Canadian Jewish News". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  25. ^ Canada stands tall Archived October 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, David Warren, The Ottawa Citizen October 17, 2010
  26. ^ PM ignores Ignatieff, defends Canadian principles in wake of UN defeat, Martin Ouellet, The Canadian Press, Published in The Globe and Mail, Thursday, Oct. 14, 2010
  27. ^ Snubbed, The Economist, Oct 14th 2010
  28. ^ Harper says Canada will stand by Israel, by Mark Kennedy, Postmedia News. Published in the National Post Sunday, Nov. 7, 2010
  29. ^ Stone, Laura (15 March 2016). "Trudeau expected to pitch Canada's return to UN Security Council". The Globe and the Mail. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  30. ^ "Canada abstains on Palestine recognition at UN, open to statehood before peace". 10 May 2024.
  31. ^ "Canada Reaffirms Special Friendship with Israel". 12 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  32. ^ a b Halon, Eytan (2 September 2019). "Modernized Israel-Canada free trade agreement enters into force". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  33. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (24 May 2022). "2021 Exports of Military Goods". GAC. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  34. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (9 May 2023). "2022 Exports of Military Goods". GAC. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  35. ^ a b Cecco, Leyland (19 March 2024). "Canada to halt arms sales to Israel after non-binding vote in house of commons". The Guardian.
  36. ^ a b "Canada stops arms shipments to Israel". 20 March 2024.
  37. ^ a b "Canada maintains freeze on new arms export permits to Israel". 20 March 2024.
  38. ^ Bermant, Azriel (1 August 2024). "The UK's arms sales to Israel are tiny – but here's why Tel Aviv is panicking about a possible ban". The Guardian.
  39. ^ "Canada's ban on Israeli arms sales baffles industry". 26 March 2024.
  40. ^ "Statement: Canada must suspend arms trade with Israel".
  41. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Arms Embargo on Israel".
  42. ^ a b "Joly says Canada bars Canadian-made arms from reaching Gaza". CBC. 10 September 2024.
  43. ^ a b c d "Mélanie Joly says Canada will block U.S.-bound ammunition sale destined for Israel". The Globe and Mail. 10 September 2024.
  44. ^ "Canadian FM says she has recently suspended 30 permits for arm shipments to Israel". THE TIMES OF ISRAEL. AFP. 11 September 2024.
  45. ^ Gallup, Inc. (31 May 2005). "Americans Stand Apart in Support for Israel". Gallup.com. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  46. ^ "Majority back Harper's support of Israel, poll shows". Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  47. ^ 2013 World Service Poll Archived 2015-10-10 at the Wayback Machine BBC
  48. ^ "Poll: 72% Say Canada Should Support Israel in War Between Jewish State and Iran". Algemeiner.com. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  49. ^ "Neutrality on Mideast supported by half of Canadians, poll suggests". 6 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  50. ^ "Forum Research poll on Israel and Palestine".
  51. ^ "A generation gap in attitudes could be undermining support for Israel in the West". CBC News. 9 November 2023.
  52. ^ "Majority of Canadians agree with Canada's support for Israel in war against Hamas: poll". National Post. 9 November 2023.
  53. ^ Stevenson, Jane (12 February 2024). "One-third equally sympathetic to both sides in Gaza-Israel war: Poll". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  54. ^ "Mossad's licence to kill". 17 February 2010.
  55. ^ Fickling, David (16 July 2004). "'Mossad spies' jailed over New Zealand passport fraud". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  56. ^ a b Haroon Siddiqui. "Harper's extreme posture no way to support Israel". Toronto Star.
  57. ^ a b "Israel ambassador's comments 'unjustified': critics". CTV. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  58. ^ "Israeli Embassy targeted by vandals" Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, Lee Berthiaume. Embassy Mag. May 25, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2011
  59. ^ a b "Israel embassy claims Ottawa downgraded security, despite threats". CTVNews. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  60. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (7 February 2020). "H.E. Ms. Lisa Stadelbauer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Canada to Israel". GAC. Retrieved 17 January 2024.

Further reading

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  • Kay, Zachariah (2010). The diplomacy of impartiality: Canada and Israel, 1958–1968. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  • Spitka, Timea. "Normative Canadian foreign policy towards consensus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27.1 (2021): 151-156.
  • Wildeman, Jeremy. "Assessing Canada’s foreign policy approach to the Palestinians and Israeli-Palestinian peacebuilding, 1979–2019." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27.1 (2021): 62-80. online
  • Wildeman, Jeremy. "The Middle East in Canadian foreign policy and national identity formation." International Journal 76.3 (2021): 359-383. online
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