Rainmaking is a weather modification ritual that attempts to invoke rain. It is based on the belief that humans can influence nature, spirits, or the ancestors who withhold or bring rain.[1]
Among the best known examples of weather modification rituals are North American rain dances, historically performed by many Native American tribes, particularly in the Southwestern United States. Some of these weather modification rituals are still implemented today.[2]
American Rainmakers
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Julia M. Buttree (the wife of Ernest Thompson Seton) describes the rain dance of the Zuni, along with other Native American dances, in her book The Rhythm of the Redman.[3][4] Feathers and turquoise, or other blue items, are worn during the ceremony to symbolize wind and rain respectively. Details on how best to perform the Rain Dance have been passed down by oral tradition.[5] In an early sort of meteorology, Native Americans in the midwestern parts of the modern United States often tracked and followed known weather patterns while offering to perform a rain dance for settlers in return for trade items. This is best documented among the Osage and Quapaw tribes of Missouri and Arkansas.[6]
In April 2011, Texas governor Rick Perry called the Days of Prayer for Rain in the State of Texas, asking that Texans pray for "the healing of our land [Texas]" and for an end to the drought.[7][8]
In the Ozarks, multiple methods of attempting to call rain have been documented:
Other hillmen try to produce rain by burning brush along the creeks, or hanging dead snakes belly-up on fences, or killing frogs and leaving them in the dry road, or putting salt on gravel bars, or suspending live turtles above the water. [..] In some localities people imagine that they can cause a rain by submerging a cat in sulphur water—they don't drown the animal, but make sure that it is completely under water for a moment at least. I once saw this tried at Noel, Missouri, but without any success.[9]
African Rainmakers
editRain is a central concern of African societies which depend on it for their sustenance and that of their animals. The power to make rain is usually attributed to African kings. In a number of African societies, kings who failed to produce the expected rain ran the risk of being blamed as scapegoats and killed by their people.[10]
San people
editAmong the San, shamans enter a trance and go into the spirit world themselves to capture the animals associated with rain.[1]
Lobedu people
editA famous rain making monarch is the Rain Queen of Balobedu, South Africa. Queen Modjadji, or the Rain Queen, is the hereditary queen of Balobedu, a people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.[11] She is known as a mystical and historic figure who brought rain to her allies and drought to her enemies.[12] The Lozi people are closely related to the Balobedu and therefore also have rainmaking abilities.
Mbukushu people
editThe Hambukushu are renowned for their rain-making abilities in the Okavango Delta, earning them the title "The Rain-makers of Okavango."[13]
Asian Rainmakers
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In Thailand and Cambodia, various rites exist to obtain rain in times of drought. The most peculiar of these is probably the procession of Lady Cat, during which a cat is carried around in procession through the streets of villages while villagers splash water at the cat, in hope that as water has come on the cat, water will fall on humans as well.[14]
China
editWu Shamans in ancient China performed sacrificial rain dance ceremonies in times of drought. Wu anciently served as intermediaries with nature spirits believed to control rainfall and flooding.[15] "Shamans had to carry out an exhausting dance within a ring of fire until, sweating profusely, the falling drops of perspirations produced the desired rain."[16]
European Rainmakers
editRoman religion had a ceremony called the aquaelicium (Latin: "calling the waters") which sought to produce rain in times of drought.[17] During the ceremony, the pontifices had the lapis manalis ("Water-flowing stone". Festus[18] distinguishes it from another lapis manalis, "stone of the Manes") brought from its usual resting place, the Temple of Mars in Clivo near the Porta Capena, into the Senate. Offerings were made to Jupiter petitioning for rain, and water was ceremonially poured over the stone.[19]
Caloian, Dodola and Perperuna, among other terms, refer to a family of Slavic and Romanian rainmaking rituals, some of which survived into the 20th century.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Chirikure, Shadreck; Delius, Peter; Esterhuysen, Amanda; Hall, Simon; Lekgoathi, Sekibakiba; Maulaudzi, Maanda; Neluvhalani, Vele; Ntsoane, Otsile; Pearce, David (1 October 2015). Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State. Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-1-920655-06-8.
- ^ "Rain Dance". Indians.org. American Indian Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Julia M. Buttree (Julia M. Seton) The Rhythm of the Redman: in Song, Dance and Decoration. New York, A.S. Barnes, 1930.
- ^ "Rain Dance of Zuni". Inquiry.net. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "The rain dance helped native Americans get through dry summers". Indians.org. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ Guyette, R.P.; Spetich, M.A. (July 2003). "Fire history of oak–pine forests in the Lower Boston Mountains, Arkansas, USA". Forest Ecology and Management. 180 (1–3): 463–474. doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00613-8. ISSN 0378-1127.
- ^ Perry, Rick (21 April 2011). "Gov. Perry Issues Proclamation for Days of Prayer for Rain in Texas". Office of the Governor. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ Leonard, Andrew (21 April 2011). "The Texas climate change solution: God". Salon. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ Randolph, Vance (2012). Ozark Magic and Folklore. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-1-306-33958-2. OCLC 868269974.
- ^ Simonse, Simon. 1992. Kings of Disaster: Dualism, Centralism and the Scapegoat King in Southeastern Sudan. Brill. Lw
- ^ Davidson, Patricia; Mahashe, George (2012). "Visualizing the Realm of a Rain-Queen: The Production and Circulation of Eileen and Jack Krige's Lobedu Fieldwork Photographs from the 1930s". Kronos (38): 47–81. ISSN 0259-0190. JSTOR 41940661.
- ^ "South African Balobedu People Crown 'Rain Queen'". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ Larson, Thomas J. (1984). "The Rengo Harvest Festival and the Legend of the Rain Chiefs of the Hambukushu". South African Journal of Ethnology. 7 (2): 10–15.
- ^ Porée-Maspero, Eveline (1962). Étude sur les rites agraires des Cambodgiens (in French). Mouton. p. 264.
- ^ Schafer, Edward H. 1951. "Ritual Exposure in Ancient China", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 14:130-184.
- ^ Unschuld, Paul U. 1985. Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. University of California Press. pp 33–34.
- ^ Sir James Frazer, The Golden Bough ch. 5, "Magical Control of the Weather" (Abridged edition, MacMillan, 1922)
- ^ Sextus Pompeius Festus, De verborum significatione, sub. tit. manalis (Latin and French text)
- ^ Cyril Bailey, The Religion of Ancient Rome, ch. 2 (Archibald, Constable & Co., London, 1907)
External links
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- Dragon Festival for rainmaking in Nio, Japan Archived 26 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine NHK (video)
- The Long Strange Journey of Earth's Traveling Microbes (2011). Fred Pearce. Yale Environment 360.