Ramat Eshkol () (also Ramot Eshkol Hebrew: רמות אשכול) is an Israeli settlement and neighborhood in northern East Jerusalem.[1] It was built on land captured from Jordan in the Six-Day War and occupied by Israel since 1967, and was the first settlement built in East Jerusalem beyond the Green Line by Israel.[2] The international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[3] As of 2017, about 8,975 people live in the neighborhood.
History
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In 1966, the border with Jordan ran parallel to Shmuel HaNavi Street. Beyond was a no man's land and the bunkers and fortifications of Ammunition Hill, the site of fierce battles between Jordanian and Israeli forces in the 1967 war.[citation needed]
According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated 416 dunams of land from the Palestinian neighbourhood of Shuafat in order to construct Ramat Eshkol.[4]
Ramat Eshkol (lit. "Eshkol Heights") was the first new neighborhood built in Jerusalem after the Six Day War, along the route to Mount Scopus, Hadassah Hospital and the Hebrew University.[5]
Plans were drawn up for tree-lined streets, small parks, a neighborhood health clinic and a commercial center with a supermarket. Most of the new apartment buildings were limited to four floors. The architecture included prefab elements, but outside walls were faced with a veneer of Jerusalem stone.[6] Ramat Eshkol was designed as a middle-class neighborhood.[7]
Construction on Sderot Eshkol (Eshkol Boulevard), named for Israeli prime minister Levi Eshkol, began in 1968[8]
Israel Levitt of the Israel Defense Forces Engineering Corps cleared the mines on what is now Etzion Gaver street. Levitt, also a trained architect, designed the first buildings there. In January 1970, the first occupants moved in. There were no roads, and the nearest bus was on Shmuel Hanavi. The first minyan was held in an air raid shelter on Etzion Gaver street, before the completion of a synagogue.
Government policy at the time was to create a contiguous link from Shmuel Hanavi to French Hill and the campus of Hebrew University of Jerusalem on Mount Scopus.[9] A new bus line, number 9, was inaugurated to link the Mount Scopus campus with the campus in Givat Ram, built when the road to Mount Scopus was blocked by the Jordanians. The route of the bus followed the route of the convoy attacked on April 13, 1948, killing doctors and nurses of Hadassah Hospital.
Building also began at this time in Givat HaMivtar. Plots were raffled off for the construction of single-family homes. A time limit was imposed on construction and access was difficult. The only access was via a muddy track. The construction of private homes on Ramat Hagolan Street in Ramat Eshkol also employed the lottery method.
Parks and memorials
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After the Six-Day War, Ammunition Hill was restored and turned into a park and memorial site. Ramat Eshkol also has a park dedicated to Raoul Wallenberg, the Swedish diplomat who saved many Jews during World War II. The neighborhood's largest park is Gan HaHamishah Asar (Park of the Fifteen) commemorating fifteen soldiers killed in 1969 in one day of fighting during the War of Attrition.it also has a park named Gan Eshkolot which is named after a tomb inside with two grape cluster designs on both sides of the tomb's entrance which are called in Hebrew eshkol.
Archaeology
editThe Eshkolot Tomb in Ramat Eshkol was discovered in 1897. It was the burial site of a prosperous Jerusalem family in the 1st century, part of a large necropolis that surrounded Jerusalem in the Second Temple period.[10] Eshkolot is the plural of eshkol, meaning "cluster of grapes"; the tomb is named for the stone carving of a cluster of grapes over the entrance.[11] Three ossuaries with Hebrew and Aramaic inscriptions were also recovered from a rock-hewn single chamber cave on Ramat Hagolan Street in Ramat Eshkol.[12]
References
edit- ^ "Settlements in East Jerusalem". Foundation for Middle East Peace.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for 1993: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for 1993: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1992. p. 191. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ^ Shu’fat Town Profile, ARIJ, 2013 p. 14
- ^ Governing Jerusalem: Again on the World's Agenda, Ira Sharkansky
- ^ "Jerusalem architecture since 1948". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ Critical Essays on Israeli Society, Religion, and Government: Books on Israel, edited by Kevin Avruch, Walter P. Zenner
- ^ "Ramat Eshkol - Eli Joseph's Jerusalem Real Estate Homepage and Buyer's Guide". A Jerusalem Home. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007.
- ^ "Understanding Jerusalem". Middle East Quarterly.
- ^ Doris Weiler Garden
- ^ "1712-5-Eshkoloth-cave.jpg :: Zev Radovan's Gallery". Biblel and Pictures.
- ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Judaeae/Palaestinae, Jerusalem, Part 1:1-704
