Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide)[1] is an herbicide first marketed by Monsanto. It was registered for use in the United States during 1965.[2]
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
2-Chloro-N-phenyl-N-(propan-2-yl)acetamide | |
| Other names
2-Chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.036 |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C11H14ClNO | |
| Molar mass | 211.69 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | light tan solid |
| Density | 1.139 g/mL |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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The preparation acts on annual grasses and on some broadleaf weeds [1] and was briefly sold in the UK as a germination inhibitor under the name Murphy Covershield.
Between 1987 and 1996, about 2.1 million pounds of its active ingredient were used in the United States.[3] 75% was applied to sorghum crops and 24% to maize.[3]
Monsanto voluntarily discontinued its manufacture in 1998.[4] It is currently listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory.[5] In 2008, the European Commission issued a decision withdrawing its approval for use as of March 18, 2009, citing the presence of its metabolites in groundwater.[6] Propachlor was added to California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen in 2001.[7]
Current manufacturers
editIt is currently being produced by Makhteshim Agan Group and Shenzhen Qinfeng Pesticides Co., Ltd.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b Warholic, DT; Gutenmann, WH; Lisk, DJ (1983). "Propachlor herbicide residue studies in cabbage using modified analytical procedure". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 31 (5): 585–7. doi:10.1007/bf01605479. PMID 6640157.
- ^ "Propachlor (Ramrod, Bexton) Herbicide Profile 2/85". Cornell University. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ a b "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) - Propachlor" (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "Illinois Pesticide Review". University of Illinois Extension Service. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Chemicals in TOXMAP". Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "COMMISSION DECISION of 18 September 2008 concerning the non-inclusion of propachlor in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing that substance". European Commission. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "CHEMICALS KNOWN TO THE STATE TO CAUSE CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY AUGUST 7, 2009" (PDF). State of California Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ Farm Chemicals International (2012-03-12). "Propachlor". Retrieved 2012-06-27.
External links
edit- Propachlor in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)