A real-name system is a system in which users can register an account on a blog, website or bulletin board system using their legal name.
Users are required to provide identification credentials and their legal name. A public pseudonym can also be used, but the person's identity is available to legal authorities for use in criminal investigations. Real-name systems are employed on websites such as Facebook and Quora.
History
editReal name systems originated from government regulations. Governments provided citizens with official surnames. This allowed them to track property ownership and inheritance, collect taxes, maintain court records, perform police work, conscript soldiers and control epidemics.[1]
Germany
editFor privacy reasons, Germany’s 1997 § 13 VI Telemediengesetz (nowadays: § 19 II TTDSG) does not allow forcing people to use real-names if a real-name is not necessary for an internet service. On 27 January 2022, the highest court in civil matters, the Bundesgerichtshof, decided that Facebook’s ban of pseudonyms is illegal for users who registered before GDPR was implemented in May 2018.
South Korea
editSouth Korea was the first country to put an internet real-name system into practice.[2] Since 2009, 35 Korean websites have implemented a name registration system in compliance with South Korea's amended Information and Communications Network Act. This act was enforced after the suicide of Choi Jin-sil, which was believed to have been related to malicious bulletin board comments about her. Real name systems aim to minimize the amount of negative information published on the Internet and encourage netizens to be responsible for their online behavior.
South Koreans have been familiar with offline real-name systems since the mid-1990s, when legislation was introduced that required a real name to be used for property and financial transactions. In August 2011 hackers accessed the databases for the real-name system, obtaining the registration numbers of 35 million people.[3]
On 23 August 2012, the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled unanimously that the real-name requirements imposed on portal service providers were unconstitutional, claiming that this violates freedom of speech in cyberspace.[4] As a result, the so-called "Choi Jin-sil Law" was discarded.
The Constitutional Court said:
The system does not seem to have been beneficial to the public. Despite the enforcement of the system, the number of illegal or malicious postings online has not decreased. Instead, users moved to foreign Websites and the system became discriminatory against domestic operators. It also prevented foreigners who didn’t have a resident registration number here from expressing their opinions online.[5]
China
editThe Chinese government in 2011 promulgated its Regulations on the Development and Management of microblogging, which stated that microblogging sites should ensure users were registered under their real names.[6] Major microblogging sites like Sina Weibo, 163 and Sohu agreed to put real name systems into practice by 16 March 2012. Users who had not provided their real information would be barred from posting and transmitting messages thereafter.[7] In February 2015, the Cyberspace Administration of China introduced Provisions on the Administration of Account Names of Internet Users. [8] Article 5 of the provisions requires internet information service providers to ensure that users register accounts after undergoing real identity information authentication. This effectively imposed real name policies on all internet services in China. On 1 June 2017, the Chinese Cybersecurity Law took effect, requiring that everyone who uses Chinese websites to provide their phone number. China's state-run media claimed this would provide a "safe and real" Internet environment.[9]
With respect to video games, Chinese regulations require real-name authentication ("real-name ID") since 1 January 2020. The regulations are set to become more stringent on 1 June 2021, requiring authentication with a government system instead of third-party services. The aim of the regulations is to curb excessive gaming by minors. People under 18 are restricted by these regulations to 90 minutes of gaming between 08:00 and 22:00 (180 minutes on holidays), and are also subject to restrictions on in-app payments based on their age.[10]
Social networking sites
editThe enforcement of real-name systems has resulted in a series of conflicts known as nymwars, which raised issues regarding naming, cultural sensitivity, public and private identity, privacy, and the role of social media in modern discourse.
Google previously introduced a real-name policy in July 2011, requiring users to use their real names on YouTube and Google+. User accounts that were identified as not following the policy were suspended. After wide-ranging criticisms from a number of high-profile commentators, Google dropped the real-name policy in July 2014 and ended restrictions on names.[11]
Facebook employs a real-name system. Its online Name Policy states: "Facebook is a community where people use their real identities. We require everyone to provide their real names, so you always know who you're connecting with. This helps keep our community safe."[12] This strongly encourages users to provide real names when creating an account.
Facebook's first users were university students. According to Danah Boyd, a social media scholar, "people provided their name because they saw the site as an extension of campus life." Later users adopted the norms and practices of the early adopters. The use of real names contributed to the quality and quantity of information Facebook has about its users. Facebook became an identity service by encouraging users to share their lives, including their real names.[13]
Emil Protalinski, technology journalist for The Next Web, states that some "Facebook users opt to use pseudonyms to hide from stalkers, abusive exes, and even governments that don't condone free speech."[14] Pseudonyms allow these users to connect with colleagues, friends, and family without compromising their safety.
"People feel as though their privacy has been violated when their agency has been undermined or when information about a particular social context has been obscured in ways that subvert people's ability to make an informed decision about what to reveal."[13] Some users may feel uncomfortable with displaying their real names and choose a fake name that appears real to others.
This section needs to be updated. (April 2023) |
Unlike Facebook, the Twitter social networking site does not require real-names for Twitter accounts. According to former CEO Dick Costolo Twitter does not care about real names. Whether the information comes from an account with a real name or one using a pseudonym does not matter.[15] However, Twitter verifies accounts of prominent users such as celebrities and businesses in order to protect them against identity theft/fraud.
Quora
editPreviously, Quora required users to register with the complete form of their real names rather than an Internet pseudonym or other screen name.[16] Although verification of names was not required, false names could be reported by the community.
On 19 April 2021, Quora eliminated the requirement that users use their real names and allowed users to use pseudonyms.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Scott, James. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed.
- ^ Greenleaf, Graham; Park, Whon-il (2014). "South Korea's innovations in data privacy principles: Asian comparisons". Computer Law & Security Review. 30 (5): 492–505. doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2014.07.011.
- ^ Ramstad, Evan (2012-08-24). "South Korea Court Knocks Down Online Real-Name Rule". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
- ^ Korea Times, "Online real-name system unconstitutional", August 23, 2012.
- ^ The Constitutional Court Decision 2010Hun-Ma47 delivered on August 23, 2012.
- ^ "China moves to tame microbloggers amid censorship claims". Reuters. 29 May 2012.
- ^ "Real name rule to add to Sina Weibo's woes". Financial Times. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
- ^ "互联网用户账号名称管理规定_中央网络安全和信息化委员会办公室". www.cac.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
- ^ "网络实名制全面到来，如何保障我们的虚拟空间更"清爽"". xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). 2017-08-30. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- ^ "China's new 'Online Game Anti-Addiction Real-Name Authentication System'". mygamez.com. 24 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
- ^ Blue, Violet (15 July 2014). "Google reverses 'real names' policy, apologizes". ZDNet.
- ^ "Facebook's Name Policy - Facebook Help Center - Facebook". www.facebook.com.
- ^ a b boyd, danah (2012). "The Politics of 'Real Names': Power, Context, and Control in Networked Publics." Communications of the ACM.
- ^ Protalinski, Emil (2012-09-21). "Facebook tests prompt asking you to snitch on your friends who aren't using their real name". The Next Web.
- ^ Ingram, Mathew (2011-09-16). "Why Twitter doesn't care what your real name is". Gigaom.com.
- ^ "Quora Terms of Service". Retrieved February 15, 2017.
- ^ D'Angelo, Adam (April 19, 2021). "Allowing everyone to contribute to Quora". Quora. Retrieved April 21, 2021.