Wikipedia

South African Special Forces

(Redirected from Recces)
"Recces" redirects here. For not to be confused with, see recess. For the singular, see recce (disambiguation).

The South African Special Forces Brigade, colloquially known as the Recces,[5] is South Africa's principal Tier 1 special operations forces, specialising in various types of operations, including counter-insurgency, long-range-reconnaissance, unconventional-warfare, and hostage rescue.[6] The brigade operates with two active-duty groups, with 4 Special Forces Regiment focusing on maritime operations, and 5 Special Forces Regiment focusing on land and airborne operations. Only about 8% of recruits who undergo South African special forces training pass the course.[6]

South African Special Forces Brigade
South African Special Forces insignia
Founded1 October 1972; 52 years ago (1972-10-01)
Country South Africa
BranchSA National Defence Force-Joint Operations Division
TypeSpecial forces
Size
Part ofJoint Operations Division
HQSpeskop, Pretoria, Gauteng
(Brigade HQ)
Nickname(s)Recces
Engagements
Insignia
Beret

The South African Special Forces Brigade has its roots in the Hunter Group, which was formed in 1968 as an elite counter-insurgency unit of the South African Army.[7] The success of this unit culminated in the subsequent formation of five reconnaissance units, known widely as "Recces", during the 1970s.[8] South African special forces carried out a number of combat operations during the Rhodesian Bush War, the South African Border War, and the Mozambican Civil War.[9][10]

The Special Forces Brigade's current structure[11] is the result of extensive restructuring related to the integration of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) between 1992 and 1996. Elements of the brigade are expanded into two additional groups; though termed "regiments", they consist only of small numbers of operators who are secretive, seldom photographed, and expertly trained.[7] The current regiments include 4 Special Forces Regiment based at Langebaan in Western Cape Province, and 5 Special Forces Regiment based at Phalaborwa in the eastern part of the province of Limpopo.[11]

Special forces are directly under the command of the Joint Operations Division[11][12] of the SANDF, and unlike other similar forces worldwide, are not a part of the South African Army nor the South African Navy, but are rather operated as its own branch/service within the SANDF.

History

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The first South African Special Forces unit, 1 Reconnaissance Commando, was established in the town of Oudtshoorn, Cape Province on 1 October 1972. On 1 January 1975, this unit was relocated to Durban, Natal,[8] where it continued its activities as the airborne specialist unit of the special forces.

Later[when?], five additional Reconnaissance Commandos were formed:

  • 2 Reconnaissance Commando (Citizen Force) – was established in Johannesburg. It was later retired due to rationalisation and the discontinuation of the Citizen Force unit concept
  • 3 Reconnaissance Commando (consisting of former Rhodesian Selous Scouts) – was established in Phalaborwa. An attempt to integrate this unit into the South African Military was largely unsuccessful. The unit was disbanded in 1981, and the limited number of remaining personnel were incorporated into the other Special Forces unit.
  • 4 Reconnaissance Commando, specialising in seaborne operations, was established in the coastal town of Langebaan, Cape Province.
  • 5 Reconnaissance Commando was established at the Duku-Duku[13]: 42  camp in Natal, but was later moved to Phalaborwa in the Transvaal province.
  • 6 Reconnaissance Commando (consisting of former Rhodesian Special Air Service) – was established in Durban. An attempt to integrate this unit into the South African Military was largely unsuccessful. It was disbanded in 1981, and the limited number of remaining personnel were incorporated into the other Special Forces units.

Many white members of the Rhodesian special forces were recruited into the SADF in 1980 as part of Operation Winter and served with the South African Special Forces.[14]

On 1 January 1981, a re-organisation of Special Forces took place, as part of which the Reconnaissance Commandos and other special forces were transformed into an independent formation, directly under the command of the (then) South African Defence Force (instead of the South African Army). As part of the re-organisation, the various Reconnaissance Commandos were also given the status of regiments. In the latter part of the same decade, a Special Forces headquarters and a Special Forces stores depot were also added to the Special Forces structure.

Between the years 1981 and 1990, Special Forces was home to unconventional operations such as Project Barnacle,[13]: 44  the Civil Cooperation Bureau and other operations conducted under the aegis of 7 Medical Battalion Group.

In 1991, the structure of the special forces underwent another change, when the special forces headquarters was disbanded and a Directorate Reconnaissance, reporting directly to the Chief of the Army, was established instead.

Another organisational change followed in 1993, when the Directorate Reconnaissance became 45 Parachute Brigade. As a result of this, all the units were renamed: 1 Reconnaissance Regiment became 452 Parachute Battalion, 4 Reconnaissance Regiment became 453 Parachute Battalion and 5 Reconnaissance Regiment became 451 Parachute Battalion.

As part of the military rationalization process, 1 Special Forces Regiment was disbanded in 1996. Its personnel were incorporated into the other Special Forces Regiments.

In 1997, the Special Forces School was transferred to 5 Special Forces Regiment upon the retirement of 1 Special Forces Regiment where the School had previously been based. The Special Forces School was transferred out of 5 Special Forces Regiment in 2002, to become a stand-alone unit.

Structure

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The Special Forces Brigade, as it is now known, consists of:[11]

 

Headquarters

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South African Special Forces Brigade HQ, Pretoria

Based in Pretoria. The General Officer Commanding (GOC) Special Forces commands, controls and coordinates the activities of the various SF Regiments from a headquarters (HQ) located in the Swartkop Park nature reserve on the southwestern outskirts of Pretoria. Colloquially called "Speskop", the headquarters also houses the Special Forces' operational planning as well as administrative support staffs.

4 Special Forces Regiment

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4 Special Forces Regiment is based in Langebaan, Saldanha Bay, on the west coast north of Cape Town. It provides South Africa its seaward Special Forces capability. The unit was established at Langebaan in 1978. The Regiment consists of three operational commandos (companies) as well as a Special Forces Amphibious and Urban School.

5 Special Forces Regiment

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5 Special Forces Regiment is based in Phalaborwa in the east of the northern Limpopo Province, and was established in Durban in 1976. After a sojourn at Duku Duku in northern KwaZulu-Natal, the unit moved into its present lines in 1980. Its post-2002 structure provides for two operational commandos, called 51 Commando and 52 Commando respectively, and a training wing. It specialises in overland operations, especially long-range infiltration, intelligence gathering and airborne operations.

South African Special Forces Reserve

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Retired Special Forces personnel form part of the Special Forces Reserve. They are assigned to the various Special Forces Regiments as required.

South African Special Forces School

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Based in Murrayhill, the South African Special Forces School is responsible for the presentation of the Special Forces Pre-Selection and Selection courses and ongoing training.

South African Special Forces Supply Unit

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The South African Special Forces Supply Unit provides logistical support and is based in Walmansthal, North of Pretoria.

 
Special Forces Supply Unit beret badge circa 1990

In the Special Forces regiments, leadership positions, especially at team (section) and group (platoon) level, have traditionally been dictated more by ability and experience than rank. This has, on occasion, resulted in Operators more senior in rank being assigned to groups or teams commanded by Operators junior to them in rank but more seasoned in operational experience or actual command.

Selection and Training

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The Ultimate Challenge, as South African Special Forces Selection is often called, is considered one of the most difficult special forces selection courses in the world.[15] A soldier must meet very high requirements to even attend Special Forces Selection. In accordance with SANDF regulations, only South African citizens under a certain age are permitted to apply.

Pre-selection testing

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This includes all aspects of psychological and physical tests. For the psychological tests, soldiers are given written tests and oral interviews with Special Forces NCOs. A soldier must be self-controlled and mature. Soldiers are ejected from the course if there is any suggestion of mental instability. The Physical Test includes for example 50 continuous push ups without breaking rhythm, 67 sit ups in two minutes, 175-metre fireman's lift run within 65 seconds, 5-kilometre run within 24 minutes,[16] a rope climb and 40 six-metre shuttle runs in 95 seconds. A student must also scale a 10-foot-high (3.0 m) wall, complete a fifteen-kilometre march in less than 120 minutes and perform 120 shuttle kicks.

Parachute selection course

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All Special Forces candidates who aren't already parachute-qualified have to attend, and pass, the Basic Parachute School.

Special Forces selection

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Selection is an event during which candidates are placed in an extremely mentally and physically demanding set of situations and circumstances, through which they must pass. It is in duration approximately a week.

For the duration of Selection, the candidates do not sleep or eat, and have no rest period at all.[dubious – discuss] Only an extremely small percentage of those who begin Selection ever pass it. In some years, no-one has managed to pass Selection, and there are other cases where only 1 or 2 out of an entire Selection group of approximately 120 have passed.

Training cycle

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Once past the Selection process, an aspiring operator will be placed on a training cycle to acquire the skills required. These include: air co-operation, water orientation, obstacle crossing, bushcraft, tracking and survival, demolitions and tactics in urban as well as rural areas.

Advanced Airborne Training: a recruit will attend courses in military free-fall such as HALO and HAHO. They will also learn about helicopter operations – how to descend by means of a rope out of helicopters (fast-roping and rappel ). Combat extraction is also taught, along with learning how to set up a Landing Zone.

Land training consists of many things: including sniping, demolitions and reconnaissance. Bushcraft and survival is also taught. Climbing and photography are taught to new recruits. Urban and rural combat is perhaps the newest training – developed quite recently, this training provided South Africa with a new counter-terrorist force. Medical and communications training is also given to those who wish to become qualified in these fields.

Maritime training consists of the use of small boats, underwater demolitions, swimming, combat diving, diving, beach reconnaissance and navigation.

Operations

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1973–94 SADF Operations

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Member of the South African Special Forces performing a ceremonial parachute jump

The South African "Recces" were deployed to many local hot spots during the late 1970s and early 1980s, particularly Angola.

The main enemy then was South West Africa's People Organization whose armed wing PLAN, was a guerrilla organization fighting for an independent Namibia.

One of the "Recces"' most effective operations came in 1982: Operation Mebos penetrated deep into Angola and destroyed the SWAPO Headquarters. In Operation Askari, in the winter of 1984, the "Recces" cut off almost all supply lines to and from the SWAPO in Angola. In May 1985, a "Recce" team undertook the controversial Operation Argon, a failed attempt to sabotage Angolan oil installations run by Gulf Oil.[17]

In early summer of 1985, another "Recce" team under the command of SADF Captain André Diedericks crossed into Angola's Cuando Cubango province, and with UNITA's help, protection and escort was secretly deployed around Menongue area. The team had at their disposal the 9K31 "Strela-1" AA system manned and operated by the team members. The Team's mission was to carry out covert combat operations, code names "Catamaran 1," "Catamaran 2" and "Cerberus" with the goal of disrupting air traffic in Cuando Cubango province by shooting down air transports, combat aircraft and gunships using the AA system.

On 11 June 1985, roughly 80 km (50 mi) from Menongue, the team shot down an Angolan airplane, a light utility aircraft, Britten-Norman BN-2 "Islander". The "Islander", en route from Menongue to Cuito Cuanavale with a crew of 2 and 5 passengers, was also carrying 69 million kwanzas (Angola's currency), several months of salary for FAPLA's 16th Brigade's personnel based in Cuito Cuanavale. When the "Islander" fell to the ground the money was stolen and the remains of the dead passengers had been pillaged by UNITA soldiers attached to protect the "Recce" team. On 25 November 1985, the same "Recce" team had also shot down an "Aeroflot" Antonov AN-12 of the Soviet Air Force. The AN-12 transport, which was en route from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda carrying 8 crew members and 13 passengers, crashed approximately 43 km (27 mi) south-east of Menongue. All people on board (twelve Soviet and nine Angolan nationals) died in the crash.[18]

Post-1994 SANDF Operations

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South African Special Forces Brigade HQ, Pretoria.

Central African Republic

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Main article: Central African Republic conflict (2012–13)

Operators of the South African Special Forces were involved in direct action against the Séléka rebels in the Fight for Bangui during the South African military assistance to the Central African Republic.[19] No South African Special Forces operators were killed in the operation. All casualties were attributed to 1 Parachute Battalion which lost 13 soldiers, with a further 27 injured, during pitched battles on the outskirts of the capital, Bangui.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Main article: United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The South African Special Forces were integral to the Battle of Kibati, which saw about 3000 M23 rebels defeated by several thousand members of the Force Intervention Brigade supported by local troops.[20]An operator of the SASF, as part of the FIB, made the 8th longest recorded sniper kill in history with a confirmed distance of 2,125 m (2,324 yd) using a South African made Denel NTW-20 anti-materiel rifle in its 14.5 mm (0.57 in) configuration.[21] SASF still continue to operate in the country.

Mozambique

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Main article: Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique

SASF teams were deployed to Cabo Delgado Province under Operation Vikela. On 20 December 2021 an operator, corporal Tebogo Edwin Radebe, was killed in action.[22][23] His death represents the first SASF operator to be killed in action since corporal Hermann Carstens in 1989.[24] The SASF have since engaged ISIS-Mozambique in small skirmishes, resulting in many enemy losses. [25]

Insignia

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Operator's Badge

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See also: List of badges of the South African Army § Special Forces
 
Standard Silver South African Special Forces Operator's Badge

All members who complete all the required qualifications to become a Special Forces Operator, are awarded an "Operator's Badge".[26] Each badge is numbered and a register of the numbers and who they have been awarded to is kept.[27][28] The badge consists of an inverted Commando Knife within a laurel wreath, which is meant to symbolise both special forces (the knife) and victory (the wreath).[26]

Standard operator badges are silver, but a gold badge with an embedded diamond is awarded to Operators with more than 10 years of active service.[26]

The latest badges designed for wear on the camouflage combat dress are black embossed plastic on a thatch green background.

SA Special Forces Operator's Badge
(Qualification)
 
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Dagger enclosed with a laurel wreath
SA Special Forces Operator's Badge
(Qualification)
 
Gold, 10 Years
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Dagger enclosed with a laurel wreath. Exclusion to indicate diamond on Dagger blade.

Attack Diver

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See also: List of Badges of the South African Army § Qualification: Attack Diver
Attack Diver
(Qualification)
 
Bronze
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
The badge depicts a great white shark swimming past the Neptune trident, which is mounted on the mouthpiece of an Oxygears 57 and is enclosed within the tubes of the Oxygears 57
Attack Diver Instructor Badge
(Qualification)
 
Silver
Black Circle indicates Instructor
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
The badge depicts a great white shark swimming past the Neptune trident, which is mounted on the mouthpiece of an Oxygears 57 and is enclosed within the tubes of the Oxygears 57

Demolitions

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Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
(Qualification)
 
EOD Badge
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Ring and bomb, facing down, with lightning flash
Demolitions
(Qualification)
 
Level 2 (DEMS2) - Tactical Demolitions
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
The badge uses the traditional 9 flames exploding grenade, which is superimposed over two crossed lightning bolts across the exploding grenade
Improvised Explosive Device Disposal (IEDD)
(Qualification)
 
IEDD Badge
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
The badge uses the traditional 9 flames exploding grenade, which is superimposed, over two crossed lightning bolts. A watch dial, with hour markings, encircles the exploding grenade

Tracking

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Tracker
(Qualification)
 
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Chevron footprint
Tracker Instructor
(Qualification)
 
Instructor
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Chevron footprint with a black circle surrounding the footprint

Additional proficiency badges

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Sniper
(Qualification)
 
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Black rifle and laurel wreath
1st Class Shot – Rifle
(Proficiency)
 
1st Class Marksman
Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Black (Black rifle), with a black rectangle surrounding the rifle
Free Fall Paratrooper
(Qualification)
 
Advanced, Freefall
Black on Thatch beige
Small Black wings
Forward Air Controller
(Qualification)
 
Yellow triangle with two yellow lines on thatch background
Submarine Operator

Known Equipment

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Weaponry

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Name Type Origin Photo Notes
Vektor Z88[29] Semi-Automatic Pistol     15-round Magazine. License-built Beretta 92F.
Glock 17 Semi-Automatic Pistol  
 
 Various optics and attachments used.
SIG Sauer P226 Semi-Automatic Pistol  
 
Browning Hi-Power[29] Semi-Automatic Pistol    
Heckler & Koch MP5[29] Submachine Gun     MP5SD6 Suppressed Variant
Heckler & Koch PSG1[29] Automatic Sniper rifle    
Arctic Warfare Magnum[29] Sniper rifle    
Steyr SSG 69[29] Sniper rifle    
Truvelo Armoury CMS Sniper rifle    
Denel Land Systems NTW-20[29] Anti-Materiel Rifle     20x82 mm and 14.5 mm variants
Heckler & Koch G3[29] Battle Rifle    
R1[29] Battle Rifle     FN-FAL made under licence. Various barrel lengths (mainly 16 and 21 inch). Updated version using a folding/collapsible stock, railed handguard and dustcover, and Trijicon ACOG TA11
Vektor R4 and R5 assault rifles[29] Assault Rifle    
 
Illustration of modernized Vektor R5
 Updated version with folding/collapsible stock, railed handguard, and side-mounted rail equipped with Trijicon ACOG TA11.
Heckler & Koch HK33[29] Assault Rifle    
M16A2[29] Assault Rifle     Likely received from Moroccan stocks. M203 under-barrel grenade launcher also used.
AK-47[29] Assault Rifle     Multiple variants
AKMS Assault Rifle   Multiple variants. May be equipped with a 40-round magazine and M203 grenade launcher.
Denel Land Systems SS-77[29] General Purpose Machine Gun     7.62mm variant
FN MAG General Purpose Machine Gun    
PK[29] General Purpose Machine Gun     Multiple variants
RPD[29] Light Machine Gun  
M2 Browning .50 Caliber[29] Heavy Machine Gun     Mounted on Hornet Rapid Deployment Reconnaissance Vehicle
KPV[29] Heavy Machine Gun    
ZU-23-2 23mm[29] Anti-Aircraft Gun   Mounted on SAMIL100 truck named "Zumlac"
ZU-23 Anti-aircraft gun   Mounted to Toyota Land Cruiser 79, called GOAT (Gun on a truck),
RPG-7[29] Rocket Propelled Grenade Launcher  
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher[29] Multiple Rocket Launcher System     Mechem Developments Variant mounted on various vehicles
MILAN ER[29] Anti-tank guided missile     Extended range (3000 m) with the ADT launcher
Thales Scorpion[29] Automated Mortar Weapons Platform    Mounted on the chassis of a Light Armoured Tactical Vehicle Toyota Land Cruiser

Vehicles

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Name Type Origin Photo Notes
Casspir[29] Mine-Resistant Armoured Personnel Carrier     Multiple variants in use
Hornet (RDRV)[29] Rapid Deployment Reconnaissance Vehicle    
Gecko (RDLV)[29] Rapid Deployment Logistic Vehicle    
Toyota Land Cruiser[29] Light Armoured Tactical Vehicle   
SAMIL 100[29] Armoured Military Truck     Carrier for a 23 mm anti-aircraft gun named "Zumlac"

Leadership

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Brigade

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South African Special Forces Brigade Leadership
From General Officers Commanding To
2003 Brig Gen Krubert Nel[30] 2006
nd Brig Gen Rudzani Maphwanya nd
From Chiefs of Staff To
1998 Col Krubert Nel[30] 2003
2003 Col Renier 'Doibi' Coetzee 2014
2014 Unknown 17 November 2024

Regiments

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4 Special Forces Regiment Leadership
From Officers Commanding To
1978 Cmdt. M Kinghorn 1982
1982 Col. J Venter 1994
1994 Col. K Nel nd
5 Special Forces Regiment Leadership
From Officers Commanding To
5 December 1976 Cmdt P.J. Verster 31 December 1980
1 January 1981 Cmdt H.M. Blaauw 30 April 1981
1 May 1981 Cmdt H.W. Snyders 31 December 1982
1 January 1983 Cmdt A.G. Sachse 31 December 1983
1 January 1984 Col J.R. Hills 31 December 1988
1 January 1989 Col C.A.J. Meerholtz 21 November 1989
1 January 1990 Col A G. Sachse 31 December 1993
1 January 1994 Col J.W. Englebrecht 31 January 1998
1 February 1998 Col[a] R.J. Coetzee[b] 31 December 2005
1 January 2006 Col J.P. Spangenberg 14 May 2009
15 May 2009 Col S.M. Maloma 11 June 2014
12 June 2014 Col H.D. Mashego 17 November 2024
From Regimental Sergeant's Major To
5 December 1976 WO1 J.L. Conradie 2 May 1978
1 July 1978 WO1 J.J. Moorcroft 5 December 1991
1 January 1992 WO1 G J. Kitching 13 January 1995
16 January 1995 WO1 J.J. Teilge 31 December 1996
1 January 1997 WO1 G.D. Adam 8 December 2000
8 December 2000 MWO M. Dyantyi 14 May 2009
15 May 2009 MWO M. Mntambo 17 November 2024

Disbanded units

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Special Forces Leadership[31]
From General Officers Commanding Special Forces[c] To
1974 Maj-Gen FW Loots 1982
1982 Maj-Gen AJ Liebenberg 1985
1985 Maj-Gen AJM Joubert 1989
1989 Maj-Gen E Webb 1991
1 Reconnaissance Regiment Leadership[d]
From Officers Commanding To
1972 Cmdt JG ‘Jannie’ Breytenbach 1975
1975 Maj (T/Cmdt) JC Swart 1981
1981 Col. E Olckers 1983
1983 Col. A Bestbier 1988
1988 Col. G Keulder nd
2 Reconnaissance Regiment Leadership[e]
From Officers Commanding To
1974 Maj[f] DS van der Spuy 1992
3 Reconnaissance Regiment Leadership[g]
From Officers Commanding To
1980 Garth Barrett 1983

Notes

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  1. ^ Later Brigadier General
  2. ^ Known universally by his nicknames Doibi and CoJack
  3. ^ GOC Special Forces was directly responsible to the Chief of the SADF, bypassing normal channels of command. DST made extensive use of Special Forces in their destabilisation of Southern African countries, in particular in providing training and support to surrogate forces. All sensitive Special Forces operations were vetted by the Minister of Defence and in the case of particularly sensitive operations, by the State President.
  4. ^ 1RR was based in Durban and consisted of a training component and an operational wing which provided personnel for cross-border raids such as those on Matola and Maseru. In the 1980s it was a predominantly black unit with white senior officers and with a strength of approximately 1 000.
  5. ^ 2RR was a Citizen Force unit for ex-Recce members, available for emergency deployment on a Citizen Force basis. Its total strength was 2-3 000 but its operational strength only a few hundred.
  6. ^ Later Colonel
  7. ^ 3RR was established in 1980 to absorb members of the Rhodesian Special Forces. Its name was later changed to Delta 40 and then Barnacle. It operated as the covert arm of Special Forces. It underwent another name change in 1986 with the formation of the CCB.

References

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  1. ^ "4RR / 4SFR History – SA Special Forces League". Recce.co.za. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  2. ^ "5RR / 5SFR History – SA Special Forces League". Recce.co.za. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  3. ^ "South Africa bolsters its troops in the Central African Republic". The New Humanitarian. Johannesburg. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  4. ^ Martin, Guy (5 September 2013). "DRC Sniper Revelation compromising SANDF troops – expert". DefenceWeb. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  5. ^ SA Special Forces Association
  6. ^ a b McNab, Chris (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. p. 205. ISBN 1-84013-476-3.
  7. ^ a b Pitta, R; Fannell, J (1993). South African Special Forces. Osprey Publishing.
  8. ^ a b "1RR / 1SFR History – SA Special Forces League". Recce.co.za. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  9. ^ Scholtz, Leopold (2013). The SADF in the Border War 1966–1989. Cape Town: Tafelberg. ISBN 978-0-624-05410-8.
  10. ^ McCallion, Harry (11 April 1996). Killing Zone. Bloomsbury Paperbacks. pp. 13–281. ISBN 0-7475-2567-6.
  11. ^ a b c d "Special Forces Structure". Official Special Forces Website. Joint Operations Division, Department of Defence. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  12. ^ "Joint Operations Division". www.jops.mil.za. Joint Operations Division, Department of Defence. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  13. ^ a b Lamb, Guy (September 2003). "From Military to Civilian Life: The case of retired Special Forces Operators". Track Two. 12 (1 & 2). Centre for Conflict Resolution. hdl:10520/EJC111605.
  14. ^ O'Brien, K. (June 2001). "Special Forces for Counter Revolutionary Warfare: The South African Case". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 12 (2): 92–93. doi:10.1080/714005391. S2CID 144528164.
  15. ^ "Chairman's Welcome – SA Special Forces League". Recce.co.za. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  16. ^ "Recruitment - SA Special Forces Association". recce.co.za. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  17. ^ Brittain, Victoria (1998). Death of Dignity: Angola's Civil War. London: Pluto Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 978-0865436367.
  18. ^ Diedericks, André (2007). Journey Without Boundaries (2nd ed.). Durban, South Africa: Just Done Productions Publishing (published 23 June 2007). ISBN 978-1-920169-58-9. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  19. ^ "SANDF releases names of SA soldiers killed in CAR". Mail & Guardian. mg.co.za. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  20. ^ "South Africa at war in the DRC – The Inside Story". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  21. ^ Graeme Hosken. "SA snipers wreak havoc". Times LIVE. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  22. ^ "Military Ombud sends condolences to family of Corporal Tebogo Edwin Radebe". South African Government. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  23. ^ Sefularo, Masechaba (23 December 2021). "SANDF: We are proud Corporal Tebogo Radebe died while serving his country". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  24. ^ Dickens, Peter. "Corporal Hermann Carstens". The Observation Post. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  25. ^ mozambique. "SANDF takes on 'terrorists' in pitched battles against Mozambique insurgency". Mozambique. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  26. ^ a b c "Special Forces Insignia". Official Special Forces Website. Joint Operations Division, Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  27. ^ "Identification of a Bogus Special Forces Operator". www.recce.co.za. South African Special Forces Association. Retrieved 29 September 2014. Also note that each badge is uniquely numbered and can only be issued once to a specific individual. Operator's badges are not transferable.
  28. ^ "Bone Fide Operators". www.recce.co.za. South African Special Forces Association. Retrieved 29 September 2014. A person can be identified as a Special Forces Operator only if he has a Special Forces Operators Badge with its unique number, (of which detailed and clear records are kept).
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (27 January 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  30. ^ a b Meyer, Maj M. (October 2012). "GOODBYE "ROGER KEN"" (PDF). SA Soldier. 19 (10): 8. ISSN 1609-5014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  31. ^ "Truth Commission - Special Report". TRC Final Report. 2 (3:69): 322. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.

Further reading

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