The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (January 2013) |
A European lawyer, beyond the self-evident definition of 'a lawyer in Europe', also refers to a specific definition introduced by the UK's European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978, which permits lawyers from other EU member states to practice law within the UK, in accordance with EU directive 77/249/EEC.
The term EU lawyer is also used in UK law.[1]
The order contains a list of countries of origin and the designations which the order applies to for example a professional "entitled to pursue his professional activities"[2] such as an "advokat" in Finland, may practice Europe-wide as a "European lawyer".
The order also imposes temporary limitations on the types of legal work which may be carried out by such persons. Lawyers from other European countries practicing in the UK must be associated with appropriate co-counsel and upon demand by a competent authority they must verify their status.[2]
After a possible temporary limitation such as the aforementioned, EU lawyers may acquire and use the title of the country they reside and work in, usually after three years of practice under the title of origin (and possible restrictions) or after an examination that confirms equivalence. The choice is up to the professional, not the bar or country.
Professions Applicable to EU Order
editThe full list of professions to whom the title 'European Lawyer' is applicable follows;
| Country | Profession | Duration of legal education[3] |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Rechtsanwalt | 4-5 year degree + 5 years of training + exam |
| Belgium | Avocat | 5 year degree + 3 years of training + exam[4] |
| Advocaat | ||
| Rechtsanwalt | ||
| Bulgaria | Advokat | |
| Cyprus | Dikegόros | |
| Croatia | Odvjetnik | 5 year degree + exam |
| Czech Republic | Advokát | 5 year degree + 3 year legal traineeship + exam[5] |
| Denmark | Advokat | 5 year degree |
| Estonia | Vandeadvokaat | |
| Finland | Asianajaja | 5-6 year degree |
| Advokat | ||
| France | Avocat | 4 year degree + exam + lawyer school during 18 months + exam |
| Germany | Rechtsanwalt | 5-6 year degree + exam + 2 year legal traineeship + exam |
| Greece | Dikegόros | 4 year degree + 18 months legal traineeship + exam |
| Hungary | ügyvéd | 5 year degree + 3 years of legal traineeship + exam |
| Iceland | lögmaður | |
| Ireland | Solicitor | Solicitor vs. Barrister
distinction, university or practical experience paths |
| Barrister | ||
| Italy | Avvocato | 5 year degree + 1.5 year legal traineeship + exam[6] |
| Latvia | Zvērināts | |
| Latvia | Advokāts | |
| Liechtenstein | Rechtsanwalt | No law school; recognition of Austrian and Swiss law degrees.[7][8][9] |
| Lithuania | Advokatas | |
| Luxembourg | Avocat | No local law school until recently; recognition of other EU law degrees and supplementary course in local law |
| Rechtsanwalt | ||
| Malta | Avukat | 5 year degree + 1 year practice + exam |
| Prokuratur Legali | ||
| Netherlands | Advocaat | 4-5 year degree + 3 years training + exam[10] |
| Norway | Advokat | |
| Poland | Adwokat | 5 year degree + entry bar exam + 3 years of bar association training and mandatory professional work + bar exam |
| Radca Prawny | ||
| Portugal | Advogado | 4 or 5 year degree + exam + bar association training and mandatory professional internship and exams (up to 2 years) |
| Romania | Avocat | |
| Slovakia | Advokát | Master's degree + 3-5 year apprenticeship + exam[11] |
| Advokátka | ||
| Slovenia | Odvetnik | |
| Odvetnica | ||
| Spain | Abogado | 5 years and a half degree + exam |
| Advocat | ||
| Abokatu | ||
| Abogado | ||
| Sweden | Advokat | 4-5 year degree |
| Switzerland | Rechtsanwalt | |
| Anwalt | ||
| Fürsprecher | ||
| Fürsprech | ||
| Avocat | ||
| Avvocato | ||
| Advokat | ||
| United Kingdom | Solicitor | England and Wales: 3 year degree + 0.5-1 year LPC + 2-year training contract
Scotland: 3-4 year degree + 1 year Diploma + 2-year training contract |
| Barrister (England and Wales) / Advocate (Scotland) | England and Wales: 3 year degree + 1 year BPTC + 1 year pupillage
Scotland: 3-4 year degree + 1 year Diploma + experience in a solicitor's office + pupillage + exam |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "Statutory Instrument 2004 No. 1117. The European Communities (Services of Lawyers) (Amendment) Order 2004". Office of Public Sector Information.
- ^ a b "Annex 10A European Communities (Services of Lawyers) Order 1978" Archived 2008-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Laurel S. Terry. "Legal Education and Practice in the European Union" (PDF). 2005 AALS Annual Meeting. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ Article 434 Judicial Code see https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=nl&la=N&cn=1967101002&table_name=wet , and https://www.ordevanvlaamsebalies.be/nl/fetch-asset?path=files/Advocaat.be-documenten/Codex-Deontologie-versie-update-tot-BS-2023-08-16.pdf
- ^ Bruno Nascimbene, Elisabetta Bergamini: The Legal Profession in the European Union, Kluwer Law International, 2009, p. 81
- ^ "LEGGE 31 dicembre 2012, n. 247: Nuova disciplina dell'ordinamento della professione forense". Consiglio Nazionale Forense. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
- ^ "Trainee lawyers". www.rak.li. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
- ^ "Wegleitung zum Antrag auf Eintragung in die Konzipientenliste" (PDF). Liechtensteinische Rechtsanwaltskammer.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "RAG | Lilex - Gesetzesdatenbank des Fürstentum Liechtenstein". www.gesetze.li. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
- ^ https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002093/2020-07-01 [bare URL]
- ^ "Lawyer training systems in the EU: Slovakia". European e-Justice Portal. April 2014. Retrieved 2020-05-11.