Rellich–Kondrachov theorem

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In mathematics, the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem is a compact embedding theorem concerning Sobolev spaces. It is named after the Austrian-German mathematician Franz Rellich and the Russian mathematician Vladimir Iosifovich Kondrashov. Rellich proved the L2 theorem and Kondrashov the Lp theorem.

Statement of the theorem

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Let Ω ⊆ Rn be an open, bounded Lipschitz domain, and let 1 ≤ p < n. Set

 

Then the Sobolev space W1,p(Ω; R) is continuously embedded in the Lp space Lp(Ω; R) and is compactly embedded in Lq(Ω; R) for every 1 ≤ q < p. In symbols,

 

and

 

Kondrachov embedding theorem

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On a compact manifold with C1 boundary, the Kondrachov embedding theorem states that if k > and kn/p > n/q then the Sobolev embedding

 

is completely continuous (compact).[1]

Consequences

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Since an embedding is compact if and only if the inclusion (identity) operator is a compact operator, the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem implies that any uniformly bounded sequence in W1,p(Ω; R) has a subsequence that converges in Lq(Ω; R). Stated in this form, in the past the result was sometimes referred to as the Rellich–Kondrachov selection theorem, since one "selects" a convergent subsequence. (However, today the customary name is "compactness theorem", whereas "selection theorem" has a precise and quite different meaning, referring to set-valued functions.)

The Rellich–Kondrachov theorem may be used to prove the Poincaré inequality,[2] which states that for u ∈ W1,p(Ω; R) (where Ω satisfies the same hypotheses as above),

 

for some constant C depending only on p and the geometry of the domain Ω, where

 

denotes the mean value of u over Ω.

References

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  1. ^ Taylor, Michael E. (1997). Partial Differential Equations I - Basic Theory (2nd ed.). p. 286. ISBN 0-387-94653-5.
  2. ^ Evans, Lawrence C. (2010). "§5.8.1". Partial Differential Equations (2nd ed.). p. 290. ISBN 978-0-8218-4974-3.

Literature

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