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Representation of the People Act 1918

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The Representation of the People Act 1918 (7 & 8 Geo. 5. c. 64) was an act of Parliament passed to reform the electoral system in Great Britain and Ireland. It is sometimes known as the Fourth Reform Act.[1] The Act extended the franchise in parliamentary elections, also known as the right to vote, to men aged over 21, whether or not they owned property, and to women aged over 30 who resided in the constituency whilst occupying land or premises with a rateable value above £5, or whose husbands did.[2][3] At the same time, it extended the local government franchise to include women aged over 30 on the same terms as men.[4]: xxv  It came into effect at the 1918 general election.

Representation
of the People Act 1918
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act to Amend the Law with respect to Parliamentary and Local Government Franchises, and the Registration of Parliamentary and Local Government Electors, and the conduct of elections, and to provide for the Redistribution of Seats at Parliamentary Elections, and for other purposes connected therewith.
Citation7 & 8 Geo. 5. c. 64
Territorial extent United Kingdom
Dates
Royal assent6 February 1918
Other legislation
AmendsParliamentary Elections Act 1695
Repeals/revokes
Repealed byRepresentation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
Status: Repealed

As a result of the Act, the male electorate was extended by 5.2 million[2] to 12.9 million.[5] The female electorate was 8.5 million.[6][3] The Act also created new electoral arrangements, including making residence in a specific constituency the basis of the right to vote, institutionalising the first-past-the-post method of election, and rejecting proportional representation, although this failed by only seven votes in the Commons during the Act's progress.[7]

It was not until the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 that women gained electoral equality. The 1928 Act gave the vote to all women aged over 21, regardless of any property qualification, which added another five million women to the electorate.[8]

Background

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After the Third Reform Act in 1884, 60% of male householders over the age of 21 had the vote.[9] This left 40% who did not – including the poorest in society. Thus millions of soldiers returning from World War I would still not have been entitled to vote in the long overdue general election. (The last election had been in December 1910. An election had been scheduled for 1915, but was postponed to a time after the war.)[citation needed]

The issue of a female right to vote first gathered momentum during the latter half of the nineteenth century. In 1865, the Kensington Society, a discussion group for middle-class women who were barred from higher education, met at the home of Indian scholar Charlotte Manning in Kensington. Following a discussion on suffrage, a small informal committee was formed to draft a petition and gather signatures, led by women including Barbara Bodichon, Emily Davies, and Elizabeth Garrett. In 1869, John Stuart Mill published The Subjection of Women (1861, published 1869), one of the earliest works on this subject by a male author.[citation needed] In the book, Mill attempts to make a case for perfect equality.[10][11] He talks about the role of women in marriage and how it needed to be changed, and comments on three major facets of women's lives that he felt were hindering them: society and gender construction, education, and marriage. He argued that the oppression of women was one of the few remaining relics from ancient times, a set of prejudices that severely impeded the progress of humanity.[10][12] He agreed to present a petition to Parliament, provided it had at least 100 signatures, and the first version was drafted by his step-daughter, Helen Taylor.[13]

The Suffragettes and Suffragists had pushed for their right to be represented prior to the war, but felt too little had changed, despite violent agitation by the likes of Emmeline Pankhurst and the Women's Social and Political Union.[citation needed]

The suffragist Millicent Fawcett suggested that the women's right to vote issue was the main reason for the Speaker's Conference[further explanation needed] in 1917.[14] She was frustrated by the resultant age limit, though recognising that there were one and a half million more women than men in the country at the time (due to the loss of life in the First World War), accepted that this would not have wide, cross-party support; many of those in favour of suffrage at the Speaker's Conference still wanted to maintain a male majority. Recalling Disraeli's quip, she noted that Britain "is governed not by logic, but by Parliament".[15]: 138–142 

The debates in both Houses of Parliament saw majority cross-party unanimity. The Home Secretary, George Cave (Con) within the governing coalition introduced the Act:

War by all classes of our countrymen has brought us nearer together, has opened men’s eyes, and removed misunderstandings on all sides. It has made it, I think, impossible that ever again, at all events in the lifetime of the present generation, there should be a revival of the old class feeling which was responsible for so much, and, among other things, for the exclusion for a period, of so many of our population from the class of electors. I think I need say no more to justify this extension of the franchise.[16]

Terms of the act

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See also the categories Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918 and Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918

The Representation of the People Act 1918 widened suffrage by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. The enfranchisement of this latter group was accepted as recognition of the contribution made by women defence workers. However, women were still not politically equal to men (who could vote from the age of 21 if they were willing to serve British rule); full electoral equality was achieved in Ireland in 1922, but did not occur in Britain until the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928.[citation needed]

The terms of the Act were:[17]

  1. All men over 21 gained the vote in the constituency where they were resident. Men who had turned 19 during service in connection with World War I could also vote even if they were under 21, although there was some confusion over whether they could do so after being discharged from service. The Representation of the People Act 1920 clarified this in the affirmative, albeit after the 1918 general election.
  2. Women over 30 years old received the vote if they were registered property occupiers (or married to a registered property occupier) of land or premises with a rateable value greater than £5 or of a dwelling-house and not subject to any legal incapacity, or were graduates voting in a university constituency.
  3. Some seats were redistributed to industrial towns. Seats in Ireland were amended separately, by the Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918.
  4. All polls for an election to be held on a specified date, rather than over several days in different constituencies as previously.[18]

The Act added 8.4 million women to the electorate as well as 5.6 million men. It was therefore the greatest of all the UK Reform Acts in terms of electorate addition.

The costs incurred by returning officers were for the first time to be paid by the Treasury. Prior to the 1918 general election, the administrative costs were passed on to the candidates to pay in addition to their expenses.[1]

Political changes

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The size of the electorate tripled from the 7.7 million who had been entitled to vote in 1912 to 21.4 million by the end of 1918. Women now accounted for about 39.64% of the electorate. Had women been enfranchised based upon the same requirements as men, they would have been in the majority because of the loss of men in the war.[19]

The age of 30 was chosen because it was all that was politically possible at the time. Any attempt to make it lower would have failed.[20] as Lord Robert Cecil explained shortly after the Act was passed:

That is the reason why the age limit of thirty was introduced, in order to avoid extending the franchise to a very large number of women, for fear they might be in a majority in the electorate of this country. It was for that reason only, and it had nothing to do with their qualifications at all. No one would seriously suggest that a woman of twenty-five is less capable of giving a vote than a woman of thirty-five.[21]

In addition to the suffrage changes, the Act also instituted the present system of holding all voting in a general election on one day, as opposed to being staggered over a period of weeks (although the polling itself would only take place on a single day in each constituency),[18] and brought in the annual electoral register.[citation needed]

Votes

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The bill for the Representation of the People Act was passed by a majority of 385 to 55 in the House of Commons on 19 June 1917.[22] The bill still had to pass through the House of Lords, but Lord Curzon, the president of the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage did not want to clash with the Commons and so did not oppose the bill.[23] Many other opponents of the Bill in the Lords lost heart when he refused to act as their spokesman. The bill passed by 134 to 71 votes.[24]

Aftermath

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The first election held under the new system was the 1918 general election. Polling took place on 14 December 1918, but vote-counting did not start until 29 December 1918.[25]

After this Act gave about 8.4 million women the vote, the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed in November 1918, allowing women to be elected to Parliament.[15]: 170  Several women stood for election to the House of Commons in 1918, but only one, the Sinn Féin candidate for Dublin St. Patrick's, Constance Markievicz, was elected; however she followed her party's abstentionist policy and did not take her seat at Westminster and instead sat in the Dáil Éireann (the First Dáil) in Dublin.[26] The first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons was Nancy Astor on 1 December 1919, who was elected as a Coalition Conservative MP for Plymouth Sutton on 28 November 1919.[27]

As Members of Parliament, women also gained the right to become government ministers. The first woman cabinet minister and Privy Council member was the Labour Party's Margaret Bondfield, Minister of Labour from 1929 to 1931.[8]

Although the Representation of the People Act extended the franchise significantly, it did not create a complete system of one person, one vote. Seven percent of the population enjoyed a plural vote in the 1918 election, mostly middle-class men who had an extra vote due to a university constituency (this Act increased the university vote by creating the Combined English Universities seats) or by occupying business premises in other constituencies.[28]

See also

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References

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Sources

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  • "Index of Representation of the People Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Dates 1917-06-06 to 1918-11-04 relate to the bill enacted in 1918. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  • "Image of original Act". UK Parliament Website. Retrieved 28 January 2020.

Citations

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  1. ^ a b Dawson, Michael (25 March 2010). "Money and the real impact of the Fourth Reform Act". The Historical Journal. 35 (2): 369–381. doi:10.1017/S0018246X0002584X. S2CID 155070834.
  2. ^ a b Harold L. Smith (12 May 2014). The British Women's Suffrage Campaign 1866–1928: Revised 2nd Edition. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-317-86225-3.
  3. ^ a b "6 February 1918: Women get the vote for the first time", BBC, 6 February 2018.
  4. ^ https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/case-study-the-right-to-vote/the-right-to-vote/birmingham-and-the-equal-franchise/1918-representation-of-the-people-act/ [bare URL]
  5. ^ Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael (30 November 2012). British Electoral Facts 1832-2012 (1st ed.). Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1849541343.
  6. ^ Martin Roberts (2001). Britain, 1846–1964: The Challenge of Change. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-913373-4.
  7. ^ Blackburn, Robert (24 January 2011). "Laying the Foundations of the Modern Voting System: The Representation of the People Act 1918". Parliamentary History. 30 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2010.00237.x.
  8. ^ a b Heater, Derek (2006). Citizenship in Britain: A History. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 145.
  9. ^ Cook, Chris (2005). The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 9781134240340.
  10. ^ a b Mill, J. S., The Subjection of Women, Chapter 1
  11. ^ John Cunningham Wood. John Stuart Mill: critical assessments. Volume 4
  12. ^ Mill, John Stuart (2005), "The subjection of women", in Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O., Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology. Oxford, England, and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 17–26, ISBN 9781405116619.
  13. ^ Anon. "John Stuart Mill and the 1866 petition". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  14. ^ https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/speakers-conference/setting-up-the-conference/ [bare URL]
  15. ^ a b Fawcett, Millicent Garrett (1920). The Women's Victory and After - Personal Reminiscences, 1911-1918. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
  16. ^  Hansard HC Debs (22 May 1917) vol 93, C 2135 Accessed 17 February 2017.(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
  17. ^ Fraser, Hugh (1922). The Representation of the people acts, 1918 to 1921 : With explanatory notes. London: Sweet and Maxwell. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  18. ^ a b Syddique, E. M. "Why are British elections always held on Thursdays?". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  19. ^ "Electoral Registers Through The Years", on electoralregisters.org website. Accessed 27 July 2015
  20. ^ Day, Chris. "The Representation of the People Act 1918: Votes for (some) women, finally". The National Archives. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  21. ^ Lord R. Cecil, Hansard, 6 November 1918, volume 110
  22. ^ "CLAUSE 4.—(Franchises (Women).) (Hansard, 19 June 1917)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 19 June 1917. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  23. ^ Martin Pugh. "Politicians and the Women's vote, 1914–1918", History, 59, no. 197 (1974): 358–74, p. 373
  24. ^ "History Learning Site: The 1918 Representation of the People Act". History Learning Site. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  25. ^ White, Isobel; Durkin, Mary (15 November 2007). "General Election Dates 1832-2005" (PDF). House of Commons Library.
  26. ^ "Markievicz [née Gore-Booth], Constance Georgine, Countess Markievicz in the Polish nobility". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37472. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  27. ^ "From the archive, 2 December 1919: First Woman Member". The Guardian. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  28. ^ For men, business premises with a ratable value in excess of £10 gave a right to vote in a constituency. Voting in multiple constituencies was not prohibited until the Representation of the People Act 1948 s1(2).

Further reading

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  • The text of the act.
  • Image of Act on the Parliamentary website.
  • Ball, Stuart, ‘The Reform Act of 1918: the advent of democracy’, Parliamentary History, vol. 37, no. 1 (2018), pp. 1-22.
  • Ball, Stuart (ed.), The Advent of Democracy: The Impact of the 1918 Reform Act on British Politics (Wiley, 2018), ISBN 978-1119511199
  • Blackburn, Robert, ‘Laying the foundations of the modern voting system: the Representation of the People Act 1918’, Parliamentary History, vol. 30, no. 1 (2011), pp. 33-52
  • Butler, David, The Electoral System in Britain 1918-1951 (Oxford University Press, 1953)
  • Pugh, Martin, ‘Politicians and the woman’s vote 1914-1918’, History, vol. 59, no. 197 (1974), pp. 358-374
  • Fair, John D., ‘The political aspects of women’s suffrage during the First World War’, Albion, vol. 8, no. 3 (1976), pp. 274-295
  • Pugh, Martin, Electoral Reform in War and Peace 1906-1918 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978)
  • Rolf, David, ‘The origins of Mr. Speaker’s conference during the First World War’, History, vol. 64, no. 210 (1979), pp. 36-46
  • Tanner, Duncan, ‘The Parliamentary electoral system, the Fourth Reform Act, and the rise of Labour in England’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, vol. 56 (1983), 205-219
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