George Miller III (born May 17, 1945) is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from California from 1975 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state's 7th congressional district until redistricting in 2013 and 11th congressional district until his retirement. Miller served as Chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee from 1991 to 1995 and Chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee from 2007 until 2011.
George Miller | |
|---|---|
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| Chair of the House Education Committee | |
| In office January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Buck McKeon |
| Succeeded by | John Kline |
| Chair of the House Natural Resources Committee | |
| In office May 4, 1991 – January 3, 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Mo Udall |
| Succeeded by | Don Young |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California | |
| In office January 3, 1975 – January 3, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Jerome Waldie |
| Succeeded by | Mark DeSaulnier |
| Constituency | 7th district (1975–2013) 11th district (2013–2015) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 17, 1945 Richmond, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Cynthia Caccavo |
| Children | 2 |
| Parent | George Miller Jr. (father) |
| Education | Diablo Valley College San Francisco State University (BA) University of California, Davis (JD) |
Education and early career
editHe was born in Richmond, California, the son of George Miller Jr., a leader of the liberal wing of the California Democratic Party at the time. He graduated from Diablo Valley Community College and San Francisco State University.
After his father died on New Year's Day 1969, Miller ran in a March 1969 special election to succeed him in California's 7th State Senate district, but Republican John A. Nejedly defeated him 57% to 42%.[1]
He then attended the University of California, Davis School of Law (King Hall), where he received his Juris Doctor. Miller served as legislative assistant to California State Senate Majority Leader George Moscone before entering the United States House of Representatives.
U.S. House of Representatives
editElections
edit
In 1974, incumbent Democratic U.S. Representative Jerome Waldie gave up his seat to make an unsuccessful run for Governor of California. Miller decided to run for the open seat, which had been renumbered from the 14th congressional district to the 7th congressional district in a mid-decade redistricting. He won the primary with a plurality of 38%.[2] In the general election, he defeated Republican Gary Fernandez 56% to 44%,[3] the lowest winning percentage of his career. He went on to win reelection 18 times and never won with less than 60% of the vote.[4]
On April 10, 1975, Miller walked out of the House chamber during President Ford's State of the Union Address when he requested military aid for South Vietnam.[5]
- 2012
After redistricting, Miller's district was redrawn and renumbered the 11th. He ran against, and defeated, Republican Virginia Fuller in the general election.[6]
In a 2012 campaign ad, Miller said that the main challenge the U.S. faces is the need “to correct the disparities that exist in our country.”[7]
Tenure
edit
According to a 2013 article in the National Journal, Miller was one of seven members of the 113th Congress House of Representatives who tied for most liberal.[8]
In 2011–12, Miller sponsored 10 bills (placing him at #40 out of 440 House members), none of which were made into law (ranks 18 of 440). He co-sponsored 199 bills (placing him at #138 out of 440), 4 of which were made into law (ranks 17 of 440).[9]
During Miller's 1974 campaign, he routinely disclosed his donors and expenses, taking advantage of the Watergate scandal that was still in the minds of voters. This helped get him a seat in the House at the age of 29, becoming one of the Watergate Babies. At the time of his retirement, he was one of the last surviving members of the large Democratic freshman class of 1974, and had spent over half of his life in Congress.[10] Miller has been described as someone who has "proven himself both a liberal lion ...and savvy about working both sides of the aisle.”[11]
With his father being the former chairman of the state Senate Finance Committee and mentor Phillip Burton being an integral part of liberal politics in the 1970s, Miller has been described as the “heir to a tradition of Bay Area working-class politics.” Miller had one of the most liberal voting records in the House, and brings "a zest for political combat." A review of Miller's career states that, although he has been unsuccessful in his pursuit of top party positions, he has "learned a legislator’s virtues of patience, timing, and creativity."[12]
- Environmental issues
In the House, Miller was a member of the Natural Resources Committee; he was that Committee's chairman from 1991 to 1994. Miller supported efforts to preserve public lands such as the 1994 California Desert Protection Act, which among other things created Death Valley National Park and Joshua Tree National Park. In addition, Miller was the chief sponsor of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act of 1992, which mandated that the federal government's Bureau of Reclamation manage the Central Valley Project in order to better protect the fish and wildlife populations of California's Bay-Delta region.[13] Miller lost his chairmanship when Republicans won control of Congress in 1994. He stayed as the committee's Ranking Member until 2000, and remained on the committee as a member until 2015. Miller was also a member of the Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus.
- Labor issues
From 2001 to 2006, Miller was the ranking Democrat on the Education and the Workforce Committee. With that committee's chairman and their Senate counterparts, Miller helped draft the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001 and 2002. Miller has focused on pension issues, reinstating Davis-Bacon Act wage protections for Gulf Coast workers in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. In addition, Miller has worked on education issues such as protesting student aid cuts,[14] increasing No Child Left Behind Act funding, and investigating the Bush administration's hiring of Armstrong Williams to promote that law. Miller has also been a vocal advocate of labor and immigration reform in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.[15] In 2007, as chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee, Miller sponsored the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, which was enacted into law as an amendment to another bill. In 2001, Miller said, "The secret ballot is absolutely necessary in order to ensure that workers are not intimidated into voting for a union they might not otherwise choose." He was an "outspoken critic of the apparel industry record on worker safety in foreign factories, most recently in Bangladesh."[16]
- Education
Miller's biggest defeat was when he lost 424-1[17] in congress for his amendment to House Resolution 6 of 1994.[18] His refusal to make provision for homeschooling caused the national home school community to lobby the whole congress against Miller's amendment[19] to the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994. Miller sponsored the Protecting Students from Sexual and Violent Predators Act, a bill that would require school districts receiving federal funds to give all employees criminal background checks.[20] The bill passed the House of Representatives on October 22, 2013.[20]
- Port Chicago disaster
Miller has petitioned to clear the names of the sailors of the World War II Port Chicago disaster in which more than 200 black men were court-martialed and 50 convicted of mutiny for refusing to continue to load ammunition onto warships after a tremendous explosion killed hundreds. For the most part, Miller's efforts failed. By 1999, only three of the sailors convicted of mutiny were still alive. That year, at Miller's behest, President Bill Clinton pardoned Freddie Meeks, one of the 50 convicted mutineers.[21] In addition, Miller wrote the legislation to designate the site of the event as a National Memorial.[22][23]
- Native American gaming
Miller was a supporter of Native American gaming. In 2000, as ranking member of the House Resource Committee, Miller inserted an amendment to the Omnibus Indian Advancement Act that took an existing cardroom into federal trust for the Lytton Band of Pomo Indians. The amendment made the land acquisition retroactive to 1987, stating that "[s]uch land shall be deemed to have been held in trust and part of the reservation of the Rancheria prior to October 17, 1988."[24] This allowed the Lyttons to open a casino at the cardroom under the terms of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. Some members of Congress and the gambling industry called the amendment "underhanded," while other politicians have judged the process to be nothing out of the ordinary.[25] When Donald Trump protested the issuance of gaming licenses to Native Americans, saying the recipients didn't look like Indians to him, Miller responded:[26]
"Thank God that's not the test of whether or not people have rights in this country or not – whether or not they pass your 'look' test."
In 2024, Ana Cabrera of MSNBC remarked, "Congressman George Miller of California, who had confronted Trump in 1993...said that was the most irresponsible testimony he had heard in his 40 years in Congress."[26]
- 2008 presidential election
Miller, a superdelegate in the Democratic Party's 2008 presidential primary, pledged his support to Barack Obama despite the fact that his district voted for Hillary Clinton. Miller cited Obama's grassroots fundraising campaign, first-place win in the Iowa caucus and strong showing in the New Hampshire primary, leadership style and opposition to the Iraq War as reasons for his endorsement. The endorsement was first reported in the Contra Costa Times on January 9, 2008.[27]
- Relationship with Nancy Pelosi
Miller has been considered Nancy Pelosi's most trusted confidant, with conservative columnist Robert Novak describing him as "her consigliere, always at her side."[28] Pelosi receives advice from Miller as well as protection from potential adversaries in the Democratic Caucus. Miller describes her as the leader he has been waiting for 30 years and supported her when the Democrats lost the majority in 2010, saying that the Obama administration did not defend her or her accomplishments. Pelosi also named Miller chairman of the Democratic Policy Committee, where he had an influential role in preparing the "New Direction" for the 2006 election.[12]
Their friendship has spanned "over 30 years and many plane trips to Washington from their neighboring California districts," with some colleagues saying that they have become so close that they finish each other's sentences. The New York Times reported that "In the concerns of some Democrats — and the I-told-you-so’s of some Republicans — Mr. Miller represents Mrs. Pelosi’s true liberal soul.”[11]
- SunPower controversy
It was reported that Miller and his son, George Miller IV, a lobbyist, were involved in the controversy surrounding the U.S. Department of Energy awarding a $1.2 billion loan to the struggling SunPower Corporation.[29] The loan was awarded hours before the DOE program was set to expire. It was reported that by April 2012, the company's stock had fallen nearly 50% since the loan had been awarded. SunPower paid Miller's son and his lobbying firm US$138,000 to represent them. Miller asserted that he and his son never discuss legislation; his son, however, does boast openly of political connections in Washington.[29]
- Accepting free travel
In January 2012, Miller was cited as one of the members of Congress who had accepted the most free travel the previous year.[30]
Committee assignments
edit- Committee on Education and Labor (ranking member)
- As ranking member of the full committee, Miller may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a voting member.
- Subcommittee on Workforce Protections
- Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
- United States House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families (Chair)[31]
Caucus memberships
edit- Congressional Progressive Caucus
- Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus
- International Conservation Caucus
- House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee (Co-Chair for Policy)
Personal life
editMiller owned a townhouse in Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. for decades, renting rooms to fellow members of the U.S. House, even after some moved to the Senate. His longest-standing tenants were Nancy Pelosi and Senators Chuck Schumer and Dick Durbin.[32][33] Miller purchased the residence in 1977 and sold it when he retired from the House at the end of 2014.[34] Prior tenants included former Representatives Marty Russo, Leon Panetta and Sam Gejdenson.[35]
Electoral history
edit| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller | 82,765 | 55.6 | |
| Republican | Mark C. Luce | 66,115 | 44.4 | |
| Total votes | 148,880 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 147,064 | 74.7 | |
| Republican | Robert L. Vickers | 45,863 | 23.3 | |
| American Independent | Melvin E. Stanley | 3,889 | 2.0 | |
| Total votes | 196,816 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 109,676 | 63.5 | |
| Republican | Paula Gordon | 58,332 | 33.7 | |
| American Independent | Melvin E. Stanley | 4,857 | 2.8 | |
| Total votes | 172,865 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 142,044 | 63.3 | |
| Republican | Giles St. Clair | 70,479 | 31.4 | |
| Libertarian | Steve Snow | 6,923 | 3.1 | |
| American Independent | Thomas J. "Tommy" Thompson | 5,023 | 2.2 | |
| Total votes | 224,469 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 126,952 | 67.2 | |
| Republican | Paul E. Vallely | 56,960 | 30.2 | |
| Libertarian | Rich Newell | 2,752 | 1.4 | |
| American Independent | Terry L. Wells | 2,205 | 1.2 | |
| Total votes | 188,509 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 158,306 | 66.7 | |
| Republican | Rosemary Thakar | 78,985 | 33.3 | |
| Total votes | 237,291 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 124,174 | 66.6 | |
| Republican | Rosemary Thakar | 62,379 | 33.4 | |
| Total votes | 186,553 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 170,006 | 68.4 | |
| Republican | Jean Last | 78,478 | 31.6 | |
| Total votes | 248,484 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 121,080 | 60.5 | |
| Republican | Roger A. Payton | 79,031 | 39.5 | |
| Total votes | 200,111 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 153,320 | 70.3 | |
| Republican | Dave Scholl | 54,822 | 25.1 | |
| Peace and Freedom | David L. Franklin | 9,840 | 4.6 | |
| Total votes | 217,982 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 116,105 | 69.7 | |
| Republican | Charles V. Hughes | 45,698 | 27.4 | |
| Peace and Freedom | William A. "Bill" Callison | 4,798 | 2.9 | |
| Total votes | 166,601 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 137,089 | 71.9 | |
| Republican | Norman H. Reece | 42,542 | 22.3 | |
| Reform | William C. Thompson | 6,866 | 3.6 | |
| Natural Law | Bob Liatunick | 4,420 | 2.3 | |
| Total votes | 190,917 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 125,842 | 76.7 | |
| Republican | Norman H. Reece | 38,290 | 23.3 | |
| Total votes | 164,132 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 159,692 | 76.5 | |
| Republican | Christopher A. Hoffman | 44,154 | 21.2 | |
| Natural Law | Martin Sproul | 4,943 | 2.3 | |
| Total votes | 208,789 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 97,849 | 70.8 | |
| Republican | Charles R. Hargrave | 36,584 | 21.2 | |
| Libertarian | Scott A. Wilson | 3,943 | 2.8 | |
| Total votes | 138,376 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 166,831 | 76.1 | |
| Republican | Charles R. Hargrave | 52,446 | 23.9 | |
| Total votes | 219,277 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 118,000 | 84.0 | |
| Libertarian | Camden McConnell | 22,486 | 16.0 | |
| Total votes | 140,486 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 170,962 | 72.9 | |
| Republican | Roger Allen Petersen | 51,166 | 21.8 | |
| Peace and Freedom | Bill Callison | 6,695 | 2.8 | |
| Libertarian | Camden McConnell | 5,950 | 2.5 | |
| Total votes | 234,773 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 90,504 | 67.4 | |
| Republican | Rick Tubbs | 43,792 | 32.6 | |
| Total votes | 134,296 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Miller (incumbent) | 200,743 | 69.7 | |
| Republican | Virginia Fuller | 87,136 | 30.3 | |
| Total votes | 287,879 | 100 | ||
| Turnout | ||||
| Democratic hold | ||||
References
edit- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 07- Special Election Race - Mar 25, 1969". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA District 7 - D Primary Race - Jun 04, 1974". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA District 7 Race - Nov 05, 1974". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - George Miller". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Congress Due to Reject Military Aid For Viet". Arkansas City Traveler. Associated Press. 4 April 1975. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ "Challenger Fuller takes on long-term incumbent Miller for Congress". Antioch Herald.
- ^ "Rep. George Miller: Reignite the American Dream". George Miller for Congress. Archived from the original on 2012-08-18.
- ^ "Top Ten Liberal Representatives". The National Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04.
- ^ "Rep. George Miller". Open Congress. Archived from the original on 2012-08-14.
- ^ "Miller Path to Power". Washington Post. February 8, 2013. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014.
- ^ a b Zernike, Kate (25 November 2006). "Pelosi's Ascendancy in House Puts a Close Liberal Ally in the Spotlight". The New York Times.
- ^ a b "NJ Almanac George Miller". National Journal. Archived from the original on 2012-08-25.
- ^ Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region Bureau of. "Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) - Mid-Pacific Region - Bureau of Reclamation". Usbr.gov. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Romano, Lois (August 28, 2010). "Groups gird to battle Congress' proposed student aid cuts". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Information from Congressman George Miller on the Northern Marianas Islands Archived 2006-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ellis, Kristi (13 January 2014). "Rep. George Miller, Worker Rights Advocate, to Retire". WWD. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ "Final Vote for Roll Call 31". Clerk of the US House of Representatives. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
- ^ "H.Amdt.439 to H.R.6 103rd Congress (1993-1994)". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
- ^ "HSLDA | Marking the Milestones : The History of HSLDA (The Battle of H.R. 6)". hslda.org. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
- ^ a b Kasperowicz, Pete (22 October 2013). "House votes to require criminal background checks on school employees". The Hill. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^ "Port Chicago Disaster - The Pardon". Cccoe.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on 6 December 2000. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Congressman Miller's Port Chicago Page Archived 2006-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial: World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Cr.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "WAIS Document Retrieval". Archived from the original on 2005-10-15. Retrieved 2006-02-15.
- ^ [1][permanent dead link]
- ^ a b MSNBC resurfaces decades-old video of 'irresponsible' Trump attacking 'Indians', MSNBC, Tom Boggioni, August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
- ^ "George Miller endorses Obama". Contracostatimes.com. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Barone, Chuck; McCutcheon, Michael (2013). 2014 Almanac of American Politics. The University of Chicago Press.
- ^ a b "Hot water rising for Rep. Miller, son". The Washington Examiner. 6 April 2012.
- ^ "Members of Congress Travel Far on Private Groups' Dime". Roll Call.
- ^ [2][permanent dead link], United States House of Representatives, Washington, DC, 28 April 1984, Original document retrieved 19 January 2014 from ERIC at Ed.gov: Institution of Education Sciences.
- ^ Madden, Mike (April 23, 2010). "Schumer and Durbin: Roommates to rivals?Schumer and Durbin: Roommates to rivals?". Salon. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ "The real 'Alpha House': Rep. George Miller's congressional group house on Capitol Hill". The Washington Post's The Reliable Source. June 4, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Durbin Moves Out of Congressional "Frat House"". NBC Chicago. December 26, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ Leibovich, Mark (January 18, 2007). "AT HOME WITH GEORGE MILLER, RICHARD J. DURBIN, CHARLES E. SCHUMER AND BILL DELAHUNT; Taking Power, Sharing Cereal". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 4, 1974," (retrieved on August 1st, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 2, 1976," (retrieved on August 1st, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 7, 1978," (retrieved on August 1st, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 4, 1980," (retrieved on August 1st, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 2, 1982," (retrieved on August 1st, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 6, 1984," (retrieved on August 1st, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 4, 1986," (retrieved on August 1st, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 8, 1988," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 6, 1990," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 3, 1992," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 8, 1994," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 5, 1996," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 3, 1998," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the California Secretary of State Archived March 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine "United States Representative in Congress," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the California Secretary of State Archived November 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine "United States Representative in Congress," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the California Secretary of State Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine "United States Representative in Congress," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the California Secretary of State Archived November 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine "United States Representative in Congress," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ Office of the California Secretary of State Archived December 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine "United States Representative in Congress," (retrieved on August 2nd, 2009).
- ^ "Statement of Vote, November 6, 2012 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of California. December 14, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
Further reading
edit- George Miller, Employee Free Choice, The Nation, January 19, 2006